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第一章 社会文化、语言特点概述1

1．Characteristics of the culture1

Chapter 1．Brief description of the culture and language of the Jinghpo ethnic group1

第一节 社会文化特点1

2．Characteristics of the language4

第二节 语言特点4

1．Concerning the syllable9

i. Syllable number of words9

第二章 词的语音特点9

Chapter 2．Phonetic attributes of Jinghpo words9

一、词的音节数9

第一节 词的音节特点9

ii. Relative occurrences of syllable types11

二、音节类型比例11

iii. The role of non-stressed syllables with a weakened vowel13

三、弱化音节在词中的地位13

2．Free variation in pronunciation19

第二节 词的变读19

一、不同韵母的变读20

i. Free variation on a difference in the rhyme20

ii. Free variation on a difference in the initial conso-nant23

二、不同声母的变读23

iii. Free variation between the syllabic“n”and syllables ending in a nasal25

三、鼻韵母音节与n音节的变读25

四、单音节和双音节的变读26

iv. Free variation between monosyllabic and disyllabic words26

v. Free variation on a difference in the order of mor-phemes29

五、词素次序不同的变读29

i. Patterns of vowel euphony30

3．Vowel euphony in coordinate compound words30

一、元音和谐的形式30

第三节 并列复合词的元音和谐30

ii. Nature of vowel euphony38

二、元音和谐的性质38

第四节 同音关系41

4．Homonymy41

5．Relationship between sound and meaning53

第五节 音义关系53

i. Onomatopoeia54

一、拟声造词54

ii. Sounds associated with the shape or the size56

二、依形造词56

第一节 语素的分类58

Chapter 3．The analysis of morphemes58

1．Classification of morphemes58

i. Content morphemes58

一、实语素58

第三章 语素分析58

二、虚语素60

ii. Function morphemes60

三、半实半虚语素69

ii. Semi-function（or semi-content）morphemes69

iv. Pseudo-morphemes70

四、假语素70

五、搭配语素71

v. Meaningless morphemes filling up the disyllabic or quadrisyllabic pattern71

第二节 实语素的虚化75

2．Grammaticalization of content morphemes75

一、语素虚化的语音特点76

i. Phonetic characteristies of grammaticalization76

二、语素虚化的语义特点79

ii. Semantic characteristies of grammaticalization79

第三节 语素的聚合82

3．Different morphemes which reduce to the same form82

i. Reduce to [n]83

一、n类83

ii. Reduce to [wǎ]86

iii. Reduce to [mǎ]86

二、wǎ类86

三、mǎ类86

四、a类88

iv. Reduce to [a]88

Chapter 4．Analysis of semantic features and sememes94

1．Major attributes of semantic features and sememes94

i. Analysis by semantic features94

一、义素分析94

第一节 义素、义位的主要特征94

第四章 义素、义位分析94

ii. Sememic analysis97

二、义位分析97

2．Semantic analysis of kinship terms109

i. Semantic features for kinship terms109

一、亲属称谓的义素分析109

第二节 亲属称谓的语义分析109

二、亲属称谓的义位网络112

ii. Network of sememes of kinship terms112

iii. Semantic combination of kinship terms118

三、亲属称谓的语义组合118

iv. Characteristics of the semantic field of kinship terms122

四、亲属称谓语义场的基本特点122

3．Semantic analysis of animal names125

第三节 动物名词的语义分析125

i. Semantic features for animal names125

一、动物名词的义素分析125

ii. An analysis of sememes of animal names130

二、动物名词的义位分析130

iii. Relationship between Jinghpo culture and the semantic characteristics of animal names131

三、动物名词的语义特点与社会文化的关系131

i. Semantic features for plant names133

4．Semantic analysis of plant names133

第四节 植物名词的语义分析133

一、植物名词的义素分析133

二、植物名词的义位分析136

ii. An analysis of sememes of plany names136

iii. Semantic combination of plant names137

三、植物名词的语义合成137

第一节 反义关系141

第五章 词义关系141

1．Antonymy141

Chapter 5．Lexical relations141

一、反义关系的单位142

i. The unit in antonymy142

二、反义关系的语源143

ii. EtymoIogy in antonymy143

iii. Phonetic coordination in antonymy144

三、反义关系的语音协调144

第二节 同义关系146

一、等值同义词146

i. Absolute synonymy146

2．Synonymy146

ii. Non-absolute synonymy147

二、非等值同义词147

三、部分义位同义词150

iii. Polysemous words sharing the same sememe（s）150

3．Near synonymy151

第三节 近义关系151

第四节 总称和非总称的关系156

4．Nouns referring to an entire class of things [such as“utensils”as compared with bowls,dishes,pl156

一、同族词的概念及范围164

5．Word families164

第五节 同族词164

i. The notion and range of word family164

二、同族词的语音对应168

ii. Phonetic differences of words in a family168

iii. Semantic relations of words in a family175

三、同族词的语义关系175

第六章 词与社会文化179

第一节 婚姻家庭制度在亲属称谓中的反映179

1．Reflection of past and present marriage and family institutions in the lexicon, esp. kinship term179

Chapter 6．Culture and the lexicon179

一、亚血缘婚在亲属称谓中的反映180

i. Sub-consanguine marriage180

二、姑舅表婚在亲属称谓中的反映181

ii. Cross-cousin marriage181

三、母系制、父系制在语言中的反映182

iii. Matriarchy and patriarchy182

第二节 宗教对词汇的影响187

2．Influence of religion on the lexicon187

3．Reflection of past slavery193

第三节 奴隶制在词汇中的遗迹193

第四节 经济特点在词汇中的反映194

4．Reflection of economic features of the society194

一、姓——大姓和小姓197

第五节 姓名特点197

5．Characteristics of people s names197

i. “Big” [or clan] surnames and “little”[or sub-clan]surnames197

ii. Names given according to seniority among siblings203

二、名——排行名203

iii. Use of Chinese names205

三、汉字名字205

第六节 颜色词213

一、颜色词的分类213

6．Color terms213

i. Classification of color terms213

ii. Cultural content of color terms221

二、颜色词的文化涵义221

7．Direction and location words222

第七节 方位词222

一、东、南、西、北223

i. East, south, west, and north223

二、前、后225

ii. Front and back225

三、左、右226

iii. Left and right226

四、上、下227

iv. Above and below227

v. This and that229

五、这、那229

8．The use of measure words to count things230

第八节 计量法230

Chapter 7．Formation of the lexical system244

第一节 借词244

第七章 词汇系统的构成244

1．Loanwords244

一、借词的主要特点245

i. Major characteristics of loanwords245

ii. Loanwords from Chinese255

二、汉语借词255

iii. Loanwords from the Dai language259

三、傣语借词259

iv. Loanwords from Burmese265

四、缅语借词265

2．Lexical characteristics of traditional poetry268

第二节 传统诗歌的词汇特点268

i. Characteristics in diction269

一、用词特点269

ii. Characteristics in syntax279

二、句法特点279

iii. The use of matching words281

三、搭配特点281

3．Remnants of archaic morphemes in synchronic compound words286

第三节 古词在复合词中的遗迹286

4．Euphemistic and respectful substitutes289

第四节 雅称词、尊称词289

i. Euphemistic terms290

一、雅称词290

ii. Respectful terms293

二、尊称词293

Chapter 8．Cognates in related languages295

第八章 与亲属语言的词源比校295

1．In the Dulong（=Trung）language296

第一节 与独龙语比较296

2．In the Hani（=Akha）language305

第二节 与哈尼语比较305

3．In Tibetan312

第三节 与藏语比较312

4．Some characteristics of inter-language etymological relations319

第四节 词源关系的几个特点319

Postscript331

后记331