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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION1

1.1 Distinction Between Substance and Procedure； Functions of Procedure1

1.2 The Adversary System4

1.3 Lawyers in the Adversary System8

A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ANGLO-AMERICAN LAW12

1.4 Rise of King’s Courts and Growth of Formulary System12

1.5 Rise of Equity16

1.6 Struggle Between Law and Equity and Subsequent Coexist-ence of the Systems18

1.7 The American Codes and English Judicature Acts21

1.8 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure23

1.9 Beyond the Federal Rules25

B. GENERAL ANALYSIS OF REMEDIES28

1.10 Classic Distinction Between In Rem and In Personam Relief28

1.11 Other Classifications of Relief30

1.12 Declaratory Relief32

1.13 Changing the Law35

1.14 Institutional Decrees38

C. AMERICAN COURT SYSTEMS40

1.15 State Court Systems40

1.16 Federal Court System41

D. LIFE HISTORY OF A LAWSUIT43

1.17 Commencement of Action； Summons and Complaint43

1.18 Parties，Pleading，and Pretrial Procedures44

1.19 Trial44

1.20 Judgments45

1.21 Appeals47

E. ALLOCATING LITIGATION EXPENSES48

1.22 Costs and Interest48

1.23 Attorney Fees： The American Rule49

1.24 Exceptions to the American Rule51

CHAPTER 2. SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION AND THE ERIE DOCTRINE54

2.1 Introduction54

2.2 Allocation of Judicial Business Between State and Federal Courts： In General55

A. FEDERAL SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION57

2.3 Diversity Jurisdiction57

2.4 Arising Under （Federal Question） Jurisdiction61

2.5 Supplemental Jurisdiction65

2.6 Cases and Controversies68

2.7 Proof of Jurisdiction70

2.8 Removal72

B. STATE SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION75

2.9 State Subject Matter Jurisdiction75

C. JUDICIAL SELF-RESTRAINTS ON EXERCISING JURISDICTION76

2.10 Abstention76

2.11 Sovereign Immunity81

D. THE LAW APPLIED BY A COURT85

2.12 Introduction85

2.13 Federal and State Law86

2.14 Erie Railroad V. Tompkins88

2.15 Choice of Law in Multistate Transactions95

2.16 Choice of Law in Federal Court97

2.17 Federal Court Jurisdiction in Perspective99

CHAPTER 3. PERSONAL JURISDICTION AND VENUE101

3.1 Introduction101

A. PERSONAL JURISDICTION102

3.2 Federal Constitutional Limitations on State Court Authority102

3.3 Territoriality and Due Process105

3.4 International Shoe and Beyond109

3.5 Long-Arm Statutes and Jurisdiction113

3.6 Presence of Property and Persons120

3.7 Agreements Concerning Jurisdiction125

3.8 Enforcing the Judgment128

B. NOTICE AND OBJECTION TO JURISDICTION131

3.9 Notice131

3.10 Technical Requirements as to Notice133

3.11 Objecting to Jurisdiction134

3.12 Service of Process Limitations137

C. FEDERAL VENUE AND FORUM NON CONVENIENS139

3.13 Federal Venue Provisions139

3.14 Change of Venue141

3.15 Forum Non Conveniens142

D. STATE VENUE145

3.16 State Rules of Venue145

E. JUDICIAL SELF-RESTRAINTS ON EXERCISING JURISDICTION146

3.17 Immunity from Service146

3.18 Cases Involving Force or Fraud149

3.19 Infringement of Constitutionally Protected Activity150

3.20 Local Action Rule150

3.21 Perspectives151

CHAPTER 4. PLEADINGS： THE COMPLAINT156

4.1 Pleadings Defined156

A. COMPLAINTS AND RESPONSES156

4.2 Types of Pleadings156

4.3 Complaint157

4.4 Defensive Pleadings157

4.5 Agenda for the Case159

B. HISTORY159

4.6 Common Law，Equity and Code Pleading159

C. STRUCTURE161

4.7 Format of a Complaint161

4.8 Pleading Jurisdiction and Relief163

4.9 Elements of Claim and Their Allocation166

4.10 Fairness in Allocation171

D. “PLAUSIBLE PLEADINGS”： HOW MUCH DETAIL？172

4.11 Degree of Detail Under Code Pleading172

4.12 Detail Under the Federal Rules173

4.13 Conley V. Gibson Revisited： Twombly and Iqbal179

4.14 Pleading and Substantive Law187

4.15 Litigation as Social Justice188

E. ENFORCEMENT190

4.16 Controlling Frivolous Pleading： Rule 11190

F. OTHER DEFENSES197

4.17 Rule 12（b）（1）-（5） and （7）197

CHAPTER 5. DEFENDANT’S RESPONSES TO THE COM- PLAINT AND OTHER PLEADING PROBLEMS198

A. OBJECTIONS TO THE COMPLAINT198

5.1 Types of Objection198

5.2 Simplifications in the Codes and Federal Rules200

5.3 Objections Not Waived205

B. THE ANSWER AND REPLY206

5.4 Denials206

5.5 Affirmative Defenses207

5.6 Specific Instances of Affirmative Defense210

5.7 Consequences of Failure to Plead Affirmatively an Affirma-tive Defense213

5.8 Counterclaims，Cross-Claims，Interpleader214

5.9 Plaintiff’s Response to Answer215

5.10 Summary Judgment217

C. AMENDED PLEADINGS217

5.11 The Doctrine of Variance217

5.12 Amendment of Pleadings： In General218

5.13 Amendment of Pleadings Before Trial219

5.14 Amendments Offered at Trial220

5.15 Amendments to Conform to Proof221

5.16 Amendments and Statutes of Limitation222

5.17 Supplemental Pleadings226

CHAPTER 6. JOINDER OF CLAIMS228

A. PERMISSIVE JOINDER OF CLAIMS228

6.1 In General228

6.2 Historical Policies231

6.3 Joinder Under Original Codes233

6.4 Modern Joinder When There Are No Multiple Parties236

B. PERMISSIVE JOINDER OF PARTIES236

6.5 Background at Common Law and in Equity236

6.6 Field Code Provisions237

6.7 Modern Joinder Provisions241

C. MULTIPLE CLAIMS WITH MULTIPLE PARTIES244

6.8 Modern Party Joinder244

D. COUNTERCLAIMS249

6.9 Background249

6.10 Early Code Counterclaims251

6.11 Modern Provisions252

6.12 Cross-Claims254

6.13 Jurisdiction and Other Problems255

CHAPTER 7. PARTIES TO AN ACTION262

7.1 Introduction262

A. PARTY IDENTITY AND CAPACITY263

7.2 Nominal and Real Parties263

7.3 Real Party in Interest265

7.4 Assignee of Chose in Action267

7.5 Partial Assignment and Subrogation269

7.6 Holders of Different Interests in Property and Other Multiple Claimants271

7.7 Capacity of Individuals，Corporations，Partnerships，and Un-incorporated Associations to Sue and Be Sued273

7.8 Proper Parties Defendant276

7.9 Liability Insurer as Defendant279

7.10 Problems of Federal Jurisdiction281

B. REQUIRED PARTIES283

7.11 Definitions283

7.12 Determining Who Is a Required Party285

7.13 Weighing Various Factors291

7.14 Suits to Review Administrative Action295

C. OTHER JOINDER DEVICES295

7.15 Introduction295

7.16 Intervention296

7.17 Impleader302

7.18 Interpleader306

D. CLASS ACTIONS309

7.19 Introduction309

7.20 Historical Background311

7.21 The Modern Class Action315

7.22 Procedural Aspects of Class Actions322

E. JOINDER PERSPECTIVES330

7.23 Joinder Policy330

CHAPTER 8. DISCOVERY334

A. HISTORY AND SCOPE334

8.1 Modern Discovery334

8.2 History335

8.3 Basic Discovery Mechanisms336

8.4 State Counterpart Discovery Rules337

B. SCOPE，PRIVILEGES AND CONTROLS338

8.5 Scope，Privileges and Controls338

8.6 Rule 26（b）（1） and Relevance338

8.7 Privileged Matter： Attorney-Client Privilege340

8.8 Work Product，Including Experts341

8.9 Upjohn CO. V. United States347

8.10 Broad Court Discretion349

C. DISCOVERY TIMING351

8.11 Initial Disclosures351

8.12 Discovery Plan352

8.13 Pretrial Disclosures： Experts and Others353

8.14 Supplemental Disclosures354

8.15 Relationship to Summary Judgment355

D. DISCOVERY METHODS355

8.16 Depositions355

8.17 Interrogatories to Parties359

8.18 Discovery of Documents and Things361

8.19 Discovery of Electronic Documents363

8.20 Physical Examination366

8.21 Request for Admission368

8.22 Transnational Discovery370

E. PREVENTING DISCOVERY ABUSE372

8.23 Abuse and Its Remedies372

CHAPTER 9. SUMMARY JUDGMENT374

9.1 Function of Summary Judgment374

9.2 Relationship to Discovery376

9.3 History of Summary Judgment378

9.4 Prediction of Evidence at Trial379

9.5 How Far with Summary Judgment？381

9.6 Scott V. Harris383

9.7 Summary Judgment in Comparative Perspective385

CHAPTER 10. PRETRIAL： JUDICIAL MANAGEMENT，INTERIM RELIEF，AND DISPOSITION389

10.1 Introduction： The Pretrial Stage389

A. CASE MANAGEMENT390

10.2 The Rise of Judicial Management390

10.3 Pretrial Conferences391

10.4 Pretrial Order394

10.5 Sanctions395

B. PRELIMINARY RELIEF404

10.6 Preliminary Injunctions and Temporary Restraining Orders404

10.7 Garnishment and Replevin407

10.8 Attachment408

C. DISPOSITION OF CASE WITHOUT TRIAL409

10.9 Default and Dismissal409

10.10 Settlement411

10.11 Alternative Dispute Resolution417

10.12 Courts and Settlement423

CHAPTER 11. THE TRIAL428

A. STRUCTURE OF A TRIAL428

11.1 Trial of Issues of Fact428

11.2 Trial to Judge or Jury431

11.3 Order of Presentation432

11.4 Recusal of Judge437

11.5 Standard of Proof441

11.6 Trial to Judge Without Jury442

B. BASIC CONCEPTS OF JURY TRIAL PROCEDURE443

11.7 Introducing the Jury443

11.8 Historical Development of the Jury： From Witnesses to Arbiters of Fact447

11.9 Substantive Error and Procedural Error453

11.10 Legal System Norms and Citizen Norms454

11.11 Procedural Errors in Jury Trial457

11.12 Burden of Proof： Two Meanings458

11.13 Risk of Nonpersuasion458

11.14 Measure of Persuasion in Civil Cases459

11.15 Burden of Producing Evidence460

11.16 Allocating Burdens of Proof464

11.17 Presumptions466

11.18 Distinction Between Law and Fact in Jury Trials472

11.19 Sufficiency of the Evidence478

C. CONTROLLING THE JURY： PREVERDICT DEVICES485

11.20 Admission and Exclusion of Evidence485

11.21 Directed Verdict，or Judgment as a Matter of Law488

11.22 Instructions to the Jury492

11.23 Special Verdicts and Interrogatories498

D. CONTROLLING THE JURY： POSTVERDICT DEVICES502

11.24 New Trial： In General502

11.25 New Trial for Judicial Error503

11.26 New Trial for Prejudicial Occurrence504

11.27 New Trial for Jury Misconduct506

11.28 New Trial for Verdict Against Weight of Evidence511

11.29 New Trial for Excessive or Inadequate Verdict514

11.30 Judgment Notwithstanding Verdict，or Judgment as a Mat-ter of Law523

CHAPTER 12. RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL529

A. THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT529

12.1 In General529

12.2 Historical Test532

12.3 Modern Application of Historical Test539

B. JURY TRIAL PROBLEMS OF UNIFIED PROCEDURE541

12.4 Choice of Mode of Trial at Common Law541

12.5 Provisions for Mode of Trial in Merged Systems543

12.6 Civil Actions That Are Counterparts of Former Law Actions or Equity Suits547

12.7 Classification of New Claims as Legal or Equitable548

12.8 Complaint Having Legal and Equitable Claims552

12.9 Equitable Defense to a Legal Claim559

12.10 Complaint Presenting Equitable Issues and Counterclaim Presenting Legal Issues561

12.11 Declaratory Judgment563

12.12 Alternatives to Historical Test566

12.13 Jury Size570

12.14 Jury Composition571

CHAPTER 13. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CIVIL LITIGATION580

13.1 Introduction580

13.2 Litigation as Coercion581

13.3 Cost of Litigation585

13.4 Factors of Uncertainty589

13.5 Lawsuit as Quest for Justice596

13.6 Civil Justice as a Political Program599

13.7 Policy Goals Competing with Judicial “Efficiency”602

CHAPTER 14. JUDGMENTS605

A. PRECLUSION GENERALLY605

14.1 Introduction605

14.2 Policy Considerations607

14.3 Definitions and Distinctions609

14.4 Requirement of Finality611

14.5 Law of the Case Doctrine613

14.6 Stare Decisis614

B. PRECLUSION BETWEEN SAME PARTIES615

14.7 Parties615

14.8 Claim Preclusion617

14.9 Dimensions of Single Claim or Cause of Action619

14.10 Tort Cases622

14.11 Contract Cases625

14.12 Alternative Bases of Recovery for Single Injury626

14.13 Legal and Equitable Theories and Remedies627

14.14 Unavailability of Remedy or Theory of Recovery in First Action627

14.15 Defenses and Counterclaims631

14.16 Judgment on the Merits634

14.17 Issue Preclusion： In General635

14.18 Matter or Point Must Have Been Litigated636

14.19 Matter or Point Must Have Been Determined638

14.19 Matter or Point Must Have Been Determined639

14.20 Determination Must Have Been Necessary to Result640

14.21 Questions of Law642

14.22 Judicial Estoppel644

C. PRECLUSION INVOLVING NONPARTIES645

14.23 Due Process645

14.24 Transformational Effect of Judgment646

14.25 Mutuality Rule647

14.26 Exceptions to One-Way Issue Preclusion651

14.27 Preclusion Resulting from Representation653

14.28 Representative Parties656

14.29 Class Actions657

14.30 Substantive Relationships Resulting in Preclusion662

14.31 Ameliorating Rigors of Preclusion667

14.32 Equitable Preclusion670

CHAPTER 15. POST-TRIAL ATTACKS ON JUDGMENTS672

15.1 Introduction672

A. POST-TRIAL MOTIONS675

15.2 Postverdict Motions675

15.3 Postjudgment Motions in Cases Tried to a Judge676

B. APPEAL677

15.4 Final Judgment Rule677

15.5 Attorney’s Fee Awards685

15.6 Parties689

15.7 Jurisdiction of Appeal691

15.8 Procedure693

15.9 Scope of Review697

C. INTERLOCUTORY APPELLATE REVIEW706

15.10 Introduction706

15.11 Discretionary Interlocutory Appeal707

15.12 Orders Appealable as of Right708

15.13 Extraordinary Writ Review710

D. EXTRAORDINARY RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT712

15.14 Introduction712

15.15 Rule 60（b） Relief713

15.16 Independent Suit721

15.17 Attacking a Void Judgment722

TABLE OF CASES725

INDEX773