CRIMINOLOGY FOURTH EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

CRIMINOLOGY FOURTH EDITIONPDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

Introduction—Criminology: its origins and research methods1

The origins of criminology1

The development of criminology in Britain2

The development of criminology in the USA4

Britain's radical contribution5

The past thirty years6

Methods of criminological research6

Quantitative research7

Qualitative research9

Conclusion10

PARTⅠ CRIME AND CRIME CONTROL: ALTERNATIVE DISCOURSES10

1 Crime: definitions and conflicting images13

Problems of definition and context13

Alternative definitions of'criminal' behaviour16

Crime is in the eye of the beholder19

Crime as protecting the interests of the powerful20

Conflicting images of crime21

Autonomous behaviour v structural forces21

Rich law v poor law22

Corporate crime v street crime24

Terrorism v justifiable state action28

Conclusion30

2 The statistics on crime and their meaning31

Court statistics32

Police statistics32

Reporting crime33

Recording crime35

The counting rules38

The National Crime Recording Standard39

Victim surveys40

Self-report surveys45

International crime comparisons47

Official data47

The International Crime Victims Survey48

The International Study of Self-Reported Delinquency49

Conclusion49

3 The media and 'law and order'51

Legal constraints on the media51

Sources of the media's information on crime52

The police52

Other sources of information53

Selection of crime news53

The content of crime news57

A media agenda?59

The implications of the media's portrayal of crime62

Deviance amplification62

Moral panic63

Public perception of crime65

Effect on attitudes and behaviour66

Effect on sentencers68

Conclusion68

PARTⅡ SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME68

4 The classical and positivist traditions73

Pre-Enlightenment Europe73

The classical school74

Cesare Beccaria75

Jeremy Bentham77

Problems with classicism78

The neoclassical school79

The positivist school80

Quetelet and Guerry81

Cesare Lombroso82

Enrico Ferri83

Raffaele Garofalo84

Evaluation85

The classical and positivist approaches: later developments87

Conclusion89

5 Crime and the environment90

The Victorian slum90

The Chicago School and social disorganisation92

Differential association—the interactionist link96

Evaluation of differential association98

The legacies of the Chicago School100

Post-war developments in Britain101

The growth of modern environmental criminology102

Effects on social policy—USA104

Effects on social policy—Britain106

Conclusion109

6 Poverty, anomie and strain112

Crime and poverty112

Crime and unemployment113

Economic inequality115

Conclusion116

Functionalism and anomie116

Emile Durkheim117

Merton, anomie and strain121

DUrkheim and Merton124

Evaluation of Merton's theory124

Empirical support127

Early developments of anomie theory127

More recent developments of anomie theory128

Agnew's general strain theory128

'Crime and the American Dream'130

'The Exclusive Society'132

Conclusion132

7 Subcultural theories134

Frederick M Thrasher134

William F Whyte135

Albert K Cohen135

Walter B Miller138

Criticism140

Richard A Cloward and Lloyd E Ohlin141

Delinquency and opportunity: criticisms143

Evaluation of American subcultural theories144

David Matza145

The early British research148

British subcultures in the 1970s149

The new millennium—from gangs to delinquent youth groups152

Girls and subcultures153

Race and gangs155

Conclusion155

8 Interactionism and phenomenology157

Interactionism157

Evaluation162

Policy implications166

Reintegrative shaming168

Conclusion173

Phenomenology and ethnomethodology174

Katz's 'Seductions of Crime'177

Cultural criminology179

Evaluation180

9 Conflict, Marxist and radical theories of crime181

Conflict theorists181

Thorsten Sellin181

George Vold182

Ralf Dahrendorf183

Austin T Turk184

The transition185

Richard Quinney 1185

William Chambliss 1186

Evaluation of conflict criminology188

Marxist criminology190

Willem Bonger190

Richard Quinney 2191

William Chambliss 2192

Marxism and crime in Britain: 'The New Criminology'193

Evaluation of Marxist criminology197

Late modernism and the post modern condition199

The 'risk society'199

Post modernism201

Peacemaking criminology203

Constitutive criminology203

Conclusion204

10 Realist criminology and victims206

Right Realism206

Evaluation209

Left Realism210

Evaluation213

Victims217

Conclusion223

11 Theories of control225

Early social control theories226

Travis Hirschi and social control228

Gottfredson and Hirschi's individual control theory230

Hagan's power control theory234

Control theory in Britain235

Evalualion238

Tittle's control balance240

Conclusion242

12 Gender and crime244

The extent of female crime244

Traditional criminology: biological and psychological explanations246

Cesare Lombroso246

W I Thomas247

Sigmund Freud248

Otto Pollak248

Later positivist work249

Traditional criminology: sociological explanations251

Female emancipation256

Radical feminism259

Masculinities and crime260

Masculinities and crime: problems263

Conclusion265

PARTⅢ BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CRIME265

13 Biological factors and crime269

Constitutional factors269

Cesare Lombroso269

Charles Goring270

Earnest Hooton271

William Sheldon and body types272

Genetic factors274

Twin studies275

Adoption studies277

Chromosome abnormalities279

Biochemical factors282

Neurotransmitters282

Hormones283

Nutrition and hypoglycaemia286

The environment287

Central nervous system287

Epilepsy288

Brain damage and dysfunction289

Autonomic nervous system291

Alcohol and drugs292

Alcohol293

Drugs295

Conclusion296

14 Intelligence, mental disorder and crime300

Intelligence and crime300

Background300

Intelligence and crime301

Race, intelligence and crime303

Conclusion305

Mental disorder and crime306

The legal definition307

The relationship between crime and mental disorder308

Mental disorder in criminals308

Criminal behaviour in mentally disordered populations309

Forms of mental disorder310

Mental disorder and violence316

Conclusion317

15 Personality theories319

The search for 'criminal' traits319

Psychoanalytic explanations of crime320

The Freudian personality321

Phases of personality development322

Methods of dealing with instinctual urges322

Resolution of the Oedipus complex323

Later problems with the superego324

Attachment326

Evaluation329

Conclusion330

Learning theories331

Classical conditioning332

Operant learning332

Social learning theory333

Rational choice theory335

TV and film violence336

Differential association theory339

Eysenck's theory of criminality339

Structure of personality340

The biological basis of personality342

Socialisation342

Gordon Trasler343

Evaluation343

Conclusion344

16 Violent, aggressive and sexual offences346

Violent and aggressive offences346

Frequency of violent offences347

Explanations of violent offending348

Factors precipitating violence351

The aggressive personality351

Spouse or partner abuse352

Child abuse354

Sexual offences358

Frequency of sexual offences358

Explanations of sexual offending360

Exposure361

Sexual offences against children362

Rape364

Conclusion369

And finally371

Bibliography375

Name index429

Subject index437