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CHAPTER Ⅰ THE FACTORY, ITS RISE, GROWTH AND INFLUENCE1

INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION:The Three Methods of Production.Domestic Production.Handicraft Production.The Modern Factory System.Importance of the Place of Work1

INDUSTRY, THE WORKPLACE AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN ANCIENT TIMES:Industry and the Workplace in Egypt.Industry in Greece.The Character of the Workplace in Greece.The Opinion of Greek Philosophers and Physicians on the Influence of Industry and the Workplace upon Health.Associations of Wage Workers.Roman Guilds.RomanWorkshops.The Condition of Slave Workers3

INDUSTRY AND THE WORKPLACE IN THE MIDDLE AGES:The Guild System.The Beginning of the Decay of the Guilds.Large Workshops in the Middle Ages.The Character of the Work-shop in the Medieval Period.Description of Medieval Workshops.The Opinion of Physicians on the Influence of the Workplace upon.Health.Ramazzini and His Work7

THE MODERN FACTORY SYSTEM:Its Birth and Rise.The Revolution in the Textile Industry.TheInvention of.Textile Machinery.Increase in Textile Production.The Beginning of Factory Production in the United States.Growthof Manufacture in the United States17

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS INFLUENCE:Expansion of Trade.Growthof Population.Concentration of Pop-ulation in Industrial Cities.Division of Labor.Creation of Classes.Causes of Poverty.Character of the First Workshops.Exploitationof Child Labor.Commissions of Inquiry into the Conditions of ChildLabor.Evidence before such Commissions.Mortality and Morbidity Statistics.Etiological Factors of Occupa onal Mortality and Mor-bidity24

DEFINITIONS OF FACTORY AND WORKSHOP:Origin of the Word, “ Factory.” Definitions of “ Mill,” “ Factory ”and “ Workshop.” Definitions of “ Factory ” and “ Workshop ” inEngland.In Germany and other Countries.Definitions of“Factory,” in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts andMinnesota33

MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD:.United States.England.France.Austria.Belgium.Prussia.Germany36

CHAPTER Ⅱ THE WORKPLACE39

TYPES:Changes in Types of Factories.The Domestic Workplace.HomeWork in European Countries.Home Work in the United States.Evils of Home Work.The Workshop.Statistics of Small Work-shops.Sanitary Conditions of Workshops.Tenant Factories.LoftMultiple Workshops39

SPECIAL FACTORIES:Proportion of Industry Carried on in Special Factories.Census of Industrial Plants.Regulation of Building Construction. Diversity of Structure.Site.Surroundings.Frame Construction.Mill Con-struction.Reinforced Concrete.Height of Buildings.Walls.Floors.Floor Construction.Internal Arrangements53

MODEL FACTORIES:Conception.Definition.Early Model Factories.Robert Owen.Fourier.Model Factories Abroad and inthe United States66

CHAPTER ⅢFACTORY FIRES AND THEIR PREVENTION72

Ⅰ.NUMBER AND EXTENT OF FACTORY FIRES:The Wolf Factory Fire in Newark.Ash Building Fire, New York.The Freeman Binghamton Fire.Fire Loss in the United States and Europe.Comparative Table.Extent of Fire Loss.Loss of Life72

Ⅱ.INDUSTRIAL FIRES, CAUSES AND PREVENTION:Analysis of Causes of Fires.Causes of Origin of Fires.Spontaneous Combustion. Lighting.Exposure.Incendiarism.Personal Neg-lect.Power.Heat.Light.Illumination.Materials.Processes79

Ⅲ.SPREAD OF FIRES:Density of Area and Crowding in Buildings.Lack of Horizontal and Vertical Isolation.Fire Walls.Fire Construction.Materials ofConstruction.Mill Construction.Other Forms of Construction.Construction of Walls.Partitions.Doors.Stairways87

Ⅳ.CONTROL OF FIRES:Early Detection of Fires.Interior Alarms.Extinguishing of Fires.Water Buckets Chemical Extinguishers.Stand-pipe and Hose.Automatic Sprinklers.Control of Fires100

Ⅴ.LOSS OF LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL FIRES:Difficulty of Estimate.Preventiln of Overcrowding and Congestion.Egress Facilities from Floor.Windows.Doors.Aisles.Egress from Building.Fire Wall.Stairs.Insufficiency and Inadequacy of Stairs.Fire Escapes.Old and Modern.Panics.Causes.Pre-vention.Fire Drills107

CHAPTER Ⅳ FACTORY ACCIDENTS AND SAFETY129

Ⅰ.EXTENT AND DANGERS:The Problem of Industrial Accidents.The Number of Accidents in United States and European Countries.Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Accidents in Great Britain.German Statistics of Accidents.Austrian Accident Statistics.Social Loss Involved.Attempts at the Solution of the Problem in European Countries.The Accident Insurance Law in Germany.Interest in the Subject in this Country.Decrease of Accidents Due to Efforts of Private Corpora-tions129

Ⅱ.THE PERSONAL FACTOR IN ACCIDENT CAUSATION AND PREVENTION:Definition of “ Accident.” Classification of Causes of Accidents.The Role of the Worker in Accidents.Age as a Factor in Causation of Accidents.Sex in Relation to Accidents.Ignorance of Workers in Relation to Accidents.Testimony on this from the British Reports.From the Report of the N.Y.State Factory Commission.PhysicalUnfitness as a Cause of rcidents.The Role of Carelessness in theCausation of Accidents.German Statistics on this Subject.Report ofthe English Parliamentary Committee on Accidents.Refusal of Work-ers to Use Safeguards.Accidents in Cleaning Machinery.PersonalCare of the Employe.Prohibition of the Participation of Childrenin Industry as a Remedy for the Prevention of Accidents.Limitation and Restriction of Woman’s Work.Prevention of Accidents Due to Ignorance.Continuation Schools.Instruction, etc.Medical Exam-ination of Employes as a Prevention of Accidents.Rigid Supervision and Inspection.Proper Clothing, Dressing of Hair, Gloves, Shoes, etc.Eye Injuries.Number of Accidents.Prevention of These Accidentsby Wearing Proper Eye-Glasses138

Ⅲ.THE GENERAL CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS AND THEIR PREVENTION:Defective Materials, Tools and Appliances.Weights and Falling Objects.Defective Stairs, Platforms, Ladders, etc.Overcrowding.Accidents Due to Monotony of Work.To Fatigue.To Speeding.To Prolonged Hours of Labor.Shortening of Hours of Labor According to the Conditions in the Industry156

Ⅳ.PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS DUE TO TRANSPORTATION WITHIN THE FACTORY:Transportation within the Factory.Prevention of Accidents Due to Transportation.Prevention of Accidents Due to Conyeyors, Cranes,Winches, Tackle, etc.Hoistways and Elevators.Contruction ofCage, Shaft, Door, Cables, etc.The Importance of the Operator.Safety Devices on Elevators and Epistways166

Ⅴ.THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTs DUE TO MOTIVE POWER ANDTRANSMISSION APPARATA.Machinery and Accidents.The Roie of Mechanical Production in theCausation of Industrial Accidents.General Principles of Accident Prevention and Safeguarding of Machinery.Motors and Flywheels.Gears, Set Screws, Driving Belts, Ropes, etc.Shafts and Their Safeguarding.Collars, Couplings and Screws.Belts, Chains, Ropesand Pulleys.Cleaning and Oiling of Machines, etc177

Ⅵ.MACHINERY:Hammers, Presses and Punches.Their Dangers and Safeguards.Rolls, Calenders, etc.Grinders.Mixers.Centrifugal Machines.Emery Wheels.Grindstones.Polishers and Buffers.Saws193

Ⅶ.GENERAL METHODS OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN SPECIAL INDUSTRIES:Accidents in Different Industries.The Metal Industry.Number ofAccidents.Foundries.Burns.The Wood Industry.Jointers and Their Safeguarding.The Chemical Industry.Number of Accidents.Prevention of Accidents Due to Unguarded Vats, Pans and Caldrons.The Textile Industry.Note of Agreement between British Employers,Operators and Inspectors Concerning Safeguards in Cotton Weaving Factories212

CHAPTER Ⅴ LIGHT AND ILLUMINATION oN FACTORIES232

The Importance of Light in Factories.Inadequate Light in American and European Factories.The Relation of Factory Lighting to Cleanliness of Shop.Light and Efficiency Production.Relation of Adequate Light to Accident Prevention.Eye Strain, Eye Diseases and GeneralImpairment of the Health of the Workers.What is Adequate and Proper Light? Quantity and Intensity of Light.Surface Brightness.Definition of a “ Foot-Candle.” German and Other European Standards on Light.Definition of “ Glare.” Prevention of Glare.Daylight.The Factors upon which It Depends.Standards Adopted in DifferentCountries.The Importance of the Window and Its Proper Construc-tion.Artificial Illumination.Requirements for EfficientIllumination.Color.Uniformity.Products of Combustion.Sources ofArtificial Illumination.General Illumination.Localized Illumina-tion.Localized-general Illumination.Tungsten Lamps.Reflectors.Standards of the Wisconsin Industrial Commission232

CHAPTER Ⅵ FACTORY FACTORY SANJT ATION259

Classiflcation of Factory Sanitatic.General Cleanliness.WaterSupply for Drinking Purposes.Washing Facilities.Dressing-rooms.Bathing Facilities.Plumbing and Plumbing Fixtures.Toilet Accom-modations.Luneh-rooms.Sewage Disposal.Noises, Odors, Smoke,Gases and Fumes.Disposal of Factory Wastes259

CHAFTER Ⅶ EMPLOYERS’ WELFARE WORK287

Ⅰ.EXTENT, DEFINITION, ETC.:Confusion in the Conception of Welfare Work.Limitation of the Term.Definition of the Term.Motives.Opposition on the Part of Employers.Opposition on the Part of Workers.Reasons for SuchOpposition.Importance of Welfare Work.Classification of Welfare Work287

Ⅱ.IMPROVING THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE WORKERS:Security and Increase of Income.Tenure of Employment.Mimimum Wage.Profit Sharing.Increased Income for Increased Production.Bonuses and Premiums.Premiums for Years of Service.ScientificManagement.Opposition to Scientific Management from Workers.From Sociologists.Reduction of Cost of Living.Cooperation in Administration.Suggestion Systems.Shop Committees.Accident andSickness Insurance.Old Age Pensions296

Ⅲ.IMPROVEMENT OF THE PITYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL STATUSOF THE WORKERS:Lessening of the Dangers of Work.Pauses.Vacations.Improved Food and Diet.Inspection of Food Articles.Improvement of Work-ing Conditions.Washing, Dressing and Bathing Facilities.Recrea-tion.The Care of Health.Rest and Emergency Rooms.First Aid Facilities.Dispensaries and Hospitals.Nursing Staff.General Medical Care and Supervision.Educational Work.Libraries.Ap-prenticeship Schools.General Educational Activities.Housing and Garden Cities314

CHAPTER Ⅷ AIR AND VENTILATION IN FACTORIES347

Ⅰ.CONFINED AIR:Importance of the Problem of Ventilation.The Composition of Normal Air.Chemical and Physical Changes in Confined Air of Rooms.Diminution of Oxygen.Increase of Carbonic Acid.Infiuence of Diminution of Oxygen.Influence of Excessive Drbonic Acid.Presence of Organic Matter ItsInfluence.Infectious Bacteria.Dust, Gases and Fumes.Temperature and Humidity.Definitionof Absolute and Relative Humidity.Sources of Temperature and Humidity.Physiologlcal Effects of High Temperature and of RelativeHumidity.Opinion of Haldane.Opinions of Pembrey and Collis.Opinion of Professor C.-E.A.Winslow.F.C.Lee.Summary347

Ⅱ.PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF VENTILATION:Definition of Ventilation.Spontaneous Ventilation.Quantity of Air Needed.Legal and Other Standards.Rate of Change.Porosity of Walls, etc.The Role of Windows in Ventilation.The Role of Doors in Ventilation.Special Openings Made for Ventilation.Spe-cial Tubes, Shafts and Openings364

Ⅲ.MECHANICAL VENTILATION:Definition.Action of Wind in Ventilation.Action of Heat.Chim-neys.Methods of Mechanical Ventilation.The Three Methods of Mechanical Ventilation.The Vacuum System of Ventilation.General and Local.The Plenum System of Ventilation.Motive Power.Types of Fans.Action of Fans.Washing and Filtering of Air.Artificial Humidification374

Ⅳ.EXAMINATION AND TESTING OF AIR:Testing of Relative Humidity.The Sling Psychrometer.Humidity Table.Tests for Carbonic Acid.Pettenkofer’s Test.Wolpert’s Test.Lunge-Zeckendorf Test.The Peterson and Palmquist Test384

CHAPTER ⅨINDUSTRIAL DUSTS AND IUSTY TRADES392

Ⅰ.DUST AND ITS EFFECT ON HEALTH:Extent and Character of Industrial Dusts.The Effect of Industrial Dusts upon Workers.Physiological Defenses of the Body.Resume of the Effects of Industrial Dusts.Dust and Disease.Dust and Tuberculosis.Dust and Mortality392

Ⅱ.DUSTY TRADES:THE METAL TRADES.Foundry Workers.Metal Grinders and Polishers.MINERAL TRADES.Stone-workers.Workers with Silica.VEGETABLE DUSTS.Cotton-workers.ANIMAL DUSTS.Fur-workers.411

Ⅲ.PREVENTION AND PROTECTION:PREVENTION OF DUST FORMATION.The Wet Process.The Auto-matic Process.ISOLATION AND SEPARATION OF DUSTY PROCESSES.REMOVAL OF DUST.Kind of Dust.The Hoods.The Branch Pipes and Ducts.The Main Pipe or Duct.The Fans.The Motive Power.The Disposal of Dust.PROTECTION OF WORKERS.Cleanli-ness of Shop.Proper Clothing.Washing and Bathing.Respirators.Change of Work.Medical Examination.Medical Supervision.Education420

CHAPTER ⅩINDUSTRIAL POISONFS GASES AND FUMES438

Ⅰ.THE PoIsoNs, GASES AND FUMES AND THEIR EFFECTS:Extent of Dangers.Classification.Harmful Substances and theIndustries in which They Occur.Effect and Results of Industrial Poisons.Effect and Symptoms of Lead Poisoning.Effect andSymptoms of Arsenical Poisoning.Effect and Symptoms of Mercurial Poisoning.Effect and Symptoms of Phosphorus Poisoning.Effect and Symptoms of Chrome Poisoning.Effects of Various Gases,Fumes, Acids and Alkalies438

Ⅱ.SOME OF THE DANGEROUS TRADES: The Dangerous Lead Trades.Manufacture of White Lead.Other Lead Trades.Batteries, etc.The Painting Trade.The Printing Trade.Trades in which Workers are Exposed to Arsenical Poisoning.Mercury.Phosphorus Poisoning.The Manufacture of Commercial Acids.Manufacture of Alkalies.Bleach Works450

Ⅲ.PREVENTION AND PROTECTION:The Problem of Preventing Occupational Diseases470

Legislative Protection:Investigation.Notification.Inspection.Special Rules.Licensing.Special Prohibitions471

Social Protection:Hours of Labor.Industrial Control.Workmen’s Compensation.Sickness and Social Insurance475

Industrial Protection:Prohibition and Substitution of Harmless Materials for Dangerous Ones.Wet and Automatic Processes.Removal of Dust, Gases andFumes.Sanitary Prevention and Protection478

Medical Protection:Personal Hygiene.First Aid.Medical Supervision483

CHAPTER Ⅺ FACTORY LEGISLATION486

Ⅰ.GROWTH AND TENDENCIES OF FACTORY LEGISLATION:Early Factory Legislation in Europe.Early Factory Legislation in the United States.Factory Legislation Standards486

Ⅱ.REGISTRATION AND AUTHORIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS:Registration in the United States.Authorization and Licensing of.Trades in England, Austria, Belgium and Switzerland&.494

Ⅲ.CONSTRUCTION, FIRE PROTECTION AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION:The Laws on Fire Protection in Germany, France, England, London,New York State497

Ⅳ.LIGHT AND ILLUMINATION AND VENTILATION AND HEATING:Standards for Light and Ventilation in European Countries.In the United States.Ventilation and Heating Standards in European Countries and the United States.General Orders on Venthtion and Heating in Wisconsin504

Ⅴ.SANITARY CARE AND COMFORTS:Standards in European Countries and the United States as to Clean-liness, Cuspidors, Washing Facilite and Dressing-rooms,Drinking Water.Toilets, Lunch-rooms, M.dical Applicances.Orders of Industrial Commission of Wisconsin on Sanitation508

CHAPTER Ⅻ FACTORY INSPECTION514

The Beginning of Factory Inspection in Europe and the United States.Factory Inspection in the United States.The Scope of the Work ofFactory Inspection.Organization.Specialization.Methods of Selec-tion and Character of Factory Inspectors.Factory Inspectors in Europe.Salaries and Compensation.Methods of Supervision and Inspection514

Civil Service Examinations for Factory Inspectors in England, France,Germany and New York State.Subjects for Examinations.Syllabus of Subjects.Civil Service Examinations and Questions543

APPENDICES553

Ⅰ.Selected Bibliography on Subjects covered in the Book553

Ⅱ.A List of the Most Important Investigating Commissions in England and the United States555

Ⅲ.Instructions on Fire Drills by the National Fire Underwriters’ Asso-ciation559