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CHAPTER 1 IntroductionReasons for Internetworking1

Reasons for Internetworking with ATM1

Terms and Definitions2

Internetworking and Interworking2

L_2 and L_3 Protocol Data Units(PDUs)3

Addresses and Virtual Circuit Identifiers3

Routing and Switching4

Specific Terms for the Virtual Circuit ID4

Correlating Addresses and Virtual Circuit IDs4

ATM Internetworking Examples4

The ATM and Frame Relay Headers6

Comparison of ATM and Frame Relay6

Comparison of ATM and LAN Technologies9

Comparison of ATM and IP9

Conventions for ATM Interfaces and Data Units11

Summary13

CHAPTER 2 Encapsulation and Address Mapping Operations14

Encapsulation Concepts14

Service Access Points (SAPS)16

LLC and LSAPS17

Ethertype(Type)18

Subnetwork Access Protocol(SNAP)18

ISO/IEC TR 9577 (Network Level ProtocolIdentifier[NLPID])19

Examples of Joint Use of NLPID and SNAP20

IP Protocol ID21

Ports/PSAPS21

Putting It All Together22

Example of Encapsulation Operations24

Support for Layer 2 and 3 Protocols26

Encapsulation Rules for Frame Relay(RFC 1490)28

Encapsulation Rules for ATM(RFC 1483)29

Options in RFC 148330

The Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)31

The ARP Protocol Data Units(PDUs)33

Frame Relay ARP34

Classical IP and ARP Over ATM(RFC 1577)36

The LIS Configuration37

Rules for Address Resolution38

Operations at the ATMARP Server and Client40

Operations at the Server40

Operations at the ATMARP Client Site41

ATMARP and Inverse ATMARP Packet Formats44

ATMARP and INATMARP Packet Encapsulation44

Multicast Address Resolution Server(MARS)46

Pros and Cons of MARS48

Summary48

ATM/Frame Relay Interworking Models49

CHAPTER 3 ATM/Frame Relay Interworking Operations49

Internetworking Definitions50

Protocol Encapsulation and Protocol Mapping50

Network and Service Interworking51

Guides for the User Intefface51

Primitive Operations52

Parameter Primitives54

One Scenario for ATM Frame Relay Interworking55

Guidance from RFC 148356

Summary58

Why DXI and FUNI were Developed59

CHAPTER 4 DXI and FUNI59

DXI and FUNI Topologies60

A Look at the Headers61

DXI Modes62

Example of Modes 1A and 1B62

Examples of DXI Frames65

DXI Frame Address Mappings67

Comparisons of DXI and FUNI67

Frame Relay vs.DXI/FUNI67

Summary69

CHAPTER 5 Network Interworking70

Network Interworking Concepts70

Network Interworking Scenarios71

Network Interworking Functions74

Variable Length PDU Formatting and Delimiting76

Error Detection76

Connection Multiplexing76

Discard Eligibility and Cell Loss Mapping79

Congestion Indication82

PVC Status Management84

Summary84

CHAPTER 6 Service Interworking87

Definitions of Service Interworking87

FR-ATM Interworking Service89

Service Interworking Functions90

Frame Formatting and Delimiting92

Discard Eligibility and Cell Loss Priority Mapping93

Congestion Indication93

Mapping the DLCI94

PVC Management Procedures94

Formatting and Identification Procedures94

Bridged PDUs94

Routed OSI PDUs98

Other Encapsulations98

ARP Procedures100

Traffic Management101

ARP Message Formats101

Frame Relay Quality of Service104

ATM Quality of Service104

FR-ATM Quality of Service104

Connection Policing and Traffic Shaping106

Summary107

CHAPTER 7 Introduction to LAN Emulation108

Comparing LANS and ATM108

Purpose of LAN Emulation(LANE)109

Support of Key LAN Operations110

LAN Emulation Components110

Registrations112

ARP Operations113

Connection Setup114

Virtual Channels115

LAN Use of Primitives(Service Definitions)116

The LAN Protocol Model118

Principal LUNI Functions120

Control and Data Channel Connection121

Control Channel Connections121

Data Channel Connections122

The Initialization Function124

Address Resolution Operations126

Connection Establishment Procedures127

The SETUP Message129

Rules for Sending User Traffic131

Spanning Tree Operations131

Summary132

CHAPTER 8 Service Specification and Protocol Data Units(PDUs)133

Basic Concepts133

LE-ULP Service Specifications136

LE-AAL Service Specifications137

LE-Connection Management Service Specifications137

Parameters for the Connection Service140

LE-Layer Management Service Specifications142

Add and Drop Party Procedure142

Data Frames146

Type/Length(TL)Operations147

Summary150

CHAPTER 9 Configuration，Registration，and ARP Proceduresand LNNI151

The Configure Operation151

The Join Operation154

The Registration Operation158

Registration Frame F0rmat159

The Lane Addresss Resolution Protocol160

The ARP Frames160

LE Client Use of ARP160

Example of ARP Opeations161

LE Server Use of ARP161

ARP Frame Format163

LE NARP Frame Format164

LE Topology Request Frame Format165

LAN Emulation Network-Network Interface(LNNI)165

Summary166

CHAPTER 10 Next Hop Resolution Protocol(NHRP)167

Purpose of NHRP167

Modeling the NBMA Network168

NHRP Operations169

Examples of NBMA Operations171

Authoritative and Nonautho ritative Replies172

Restrictions on the Messages173

Station Configurations173

A More Detailed Example173

The NHRP Messages173

Pros and Cons of NHRP176

Other NHRP Operations179

Summary179

CHAPTER 11 Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA)180

Purpose of MPOA180

Advantages of L 3 Operations180

Intra-Subnet and Inter-Subnet Operations181

Virtual Routing184

MPOA Cache185

Ingress Cache185

Egress Cache185

MPOA Requirements185

MPOA Clients and Servers186

The MPC187

The Use of Tags189

MPOA Information Flows189

Major MPOA Operations191

Examples of MPOA Operations191

MPOA Host-to-MPOA Host192

Roles of MPS and MPC in More Detail194

Edge Device-to-MPOA Host194

Edge Device-to-Edge Device194

The MPOA Protocol Data Units(PDUS)Formats198

Format and Syntax for the MPOA Messages199

Other MPOA Operations 200 Summary201

Appendix A Basics of Internetworking202

Appendix B Addressing Conventions215

Appendix C Lane Parameters221

Abbreviations225

Other References228

Index233