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PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE1

CONTENTS1

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS2

Chapter Ⅰ．The Old English Period（449-1066）2

Ⅰ．The Early History of England2

Ⅱ．Early English Literature5

ChapterⅡ．The Middle English Period（1066-1485）10

Ⅰ．The Norman Conquest and Its Effects10

Ⅱ．The All-Prevading Influence of the Medieval Church—Its Religious Hold on Secular Affairs11

Ⅲ．Middle English Literature12

1．The Romances13

2．Piers the Plowman13

3．Geoffrey Chaucer（c．1340-1400）14

4．Popular Ballads17

5．The Medieval Drama18

The Canterbury Tales20

Chapter Ⅰ．Renaissance27

INTERODUCTORY REMARKS27

Ⅰ．The Significance of Renaissance27

Ⅰ．Humanism28

Ⅲ．The Bourgeoisie29

Ⅳ．The Main Traits of the Renaissance literature29

Ⅴ．Renaissance in England31

Ⅸ．Robert Herric（1591-1674）To the Virgins，to Make Much of Time 132

Ⅰ．The Oxford Reformers33

Ⅱ．Thomas More（1478-1535）33

Chapter Ⅱ．The Beginning of the English Renaissance（1485-1558）33

Ⅲ．Two Poets of Importance Before the Elizabethan Age—Wyatt and Howard34

Ⅰ．The Social Conditions of the Age35

Chapter Ⅲ．The Elizabethan Age（1558-1603）（or The Age of Shakespeare）35

Ⅱ．Elizabethan Poetry37

2．Sir Philip Sidney（1554-1586）37

1．John Lyly（1554-1606）37

3．Edmund Spencer（1552-1599）38

1．Two Influences upon the Drama41

Ⅲ．Elizabethan Drama41

2．The“University Wits”and Christopher Marlowe（1564-1592）42

3．Ben Jonson（1562-1637）43

Ⅳ．William Shakespeare（1564-1616）44

Ⅴ．Elizabethan Prose and Francis Bacon（1561-1626）57

Chapter Ⅳ．The Seventeenth Century（1603-1660）61

Ⅰ．The Puritan Revolution61

Ⅱ．Great Changes Brought About by the Revolution62

Ⅲ．The Metaphysicals and the Cavaliers64

Ⅳ．John Donne（1573-1631）66

Ⅴ．John Milton（1608-1674）68

Ⅵ．John Bunyan（1628-1668）72

1．Sonnets76

2．Songs from the Plays80

3．The Tragedy of Julius Caesar83

4．Hamlet101

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love107

The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd110

Ⅳ．Francis Bacon（1561-1626）Of Studies113

1．A Valediction：Forbidding Mourning117

2．Meditation ⅩⅦ120

Ⅵ．Andrew Marvell（1621-1678）To His Coy Mistress124

Ⅶ．Ben Jonson（1562-1637）To Celia128

Ⅷ．Richard Lovelace（1618-1658） To Lucasca，Going to the Wars130

1．Samson Agonistes134

2．Paradise lost139

Ⅺ．The Old Testment142

Genesis 1-3（The Creation——The Fall）142

PART THREE：THE RESTORATION AND150

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY（1660-1798）INTRODUCTORY REMARKS150

Ⅰ．The 18th Century England151

Chapter Ⅰ．Political，Social and Cultural Background151

Ⅱ．Enlightenment and Its Effect Upon English Literature155

ChapterⅡ．Neoclassicism157

Ⅰ．Neoclassical Literary Theory157

Ⅱ．The Restoration Literature（1660-1700）（or The Age of Dryden）160

Ⅲ．The Augustan Age（1700-1745）（or The Age of Pope）163

Ⅳ．The Neoclassical Decline（1745-1785）（or The Time of Johnson）170

ChapterⅢ．The Rise of the Realistic Novel177

Ⅰ．The Origin of Englissh Novel and Daniel Defoe（1660-1731）177

Ⅱ．Samuel Richardson（1689-1761）178

Ⅲ．Henry Fielding（1707-1754）179

Ⅳ．Tobias Smollett（1721-1771）and Laurence Sterne（1713-1768）180

SELECTED READINGS184

Ⅰ．Alexander Pope（1688-1744）An Epistle to Dr．Arbuthnot184

Ⅱ．Jonathan Swift（1667-1745）A Modest Proposal188

Ⅲ．Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Letter to Lord Chesterfield203

Joseph Andrews208

PART FOUR：THE AGE OF ROMANTICISM（1798-1830s）216

INTERODUCTORY REMARKS216

Chapter Ⅰ．Romanticism in England216

Ⅰ．The Impetus of the Romantic Movement216

Ⅱ．The Meaning of Romanticism218

Ⅲ．The Special Qualities of Romanticism220

Chapter Ⅱ．Pre-Romanticism226

Ⅰ．Thomas Gray（1716-1771）227

Ⅱ．Robert Burns（1759-1796）228

Ⅲ．William Blake（1757-1827）232

Chapter Ⅲ．The First Generation of Romantics234

Ⅰ．William Wordsworth（1770-1850）234

Ⅱ．Samuel Taylor Coleridge（1772-1834）236

Ⅲ．Robert Southey（1774-1843）238

ChapterⅣ．The Younger Generation of Romantics240

Ⅰ．George Gordon Byron（1788-1824）240

Ⅱ．Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）244

Ⅲ．John Keats（1795-1821）248

Ⅳ．A comparison Between Byron，Shelley and Keats252

Chapter Ⅴ．Non-Poetic Literature of the Age254

Ⅰ．The Familiar Essay254

1．Charles Lamb（1775-1834）255

2．William Hazlitt（1778-1830）255

3．Thomas De Quincey（1785-1859）256

4．Leigh Hunt（1784-1859）256

Ⅱ．Drama257

Ⅲ．Novel257

1．Jane Austen（1775-1817）258

2．Sir Walter Scott（1771-1832）259

SELECTED READINGS264

Ⅰ．Thomas Gray（1716-1771）Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard264

1．A Red，Red Rose271

2．Auld Lang Syne273

3．Scots Wha Hae275

1．The Chimney Sweeper279

2．The Chimney Sweeper281

3．London282

1．I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud285

2．The Solitary Reaper287

3．London，1802289

Ⅴ．Samuel Taylor Coleridge（1722-1834）Kubla Khan291

1．She Walks in Beauty295

2．When We Two Parted297

1．Ode to the West Wind299

2．Ozymandias305

Ⅷ．John Keats（1795-1821）To Autumn308

Pride and Prejudice312

1．Rob Roy321

2．Hunting Song330

3．Lochinvar332

Ⅺ．William Hazlitt（1778-1830）On Familiar Style336

PART FIVE：THE VICTORIAN AGE（1832-1901）INTERODUCTORY REMARKS348

Ⅰ．Development of Capitalist Industry and Its Repercussions349

Chapter Ⅰ．A Survey of the Age349

Ⅱ．Darwins’s Theory of Evolution and Its Influence351

Ⅲ．The Women Question352

Chapter Ⅲ．Literature of the Age354

Ⅰ．The Diversity in Victorian Literature354

Ⅱ．Chief Literary Characteristics of the Age355

Chapter Ⅲ．Victorian Novel358

Ⅰ．Charles Dickens（1812-1870）359

Ⅱ．William Makepeace Thackeray（1811-1863）363

Ⅲ．George E1iot（1819-1880）365

Ⅳ．Charlotte Bront？（1816-1855）and Emily Bront？（1818-1848）366

Ⅴ．Thomas Hardy（1840-1928）369

Ⅵ．Other Novelists of the Age371

1．Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell（1818-1865）371

2．Anthony Trollope（1815-1882）372

3．George Meridith（1828-1909）372

4．George Gissing（1857-1903）373

Chapter Ⅳ．Victorian Poetry374

Ⅰ．Alfred Lord Tennyson（1809-1892）374

Ⅱ．Robert Browning（1818-1889）376

Ⅲ．Matthew Arnold（1822-1888）378

Ⅳ．Pre-Raphaelite Poets380

1．Dante Gabriel Rossetti（1828-1882）381

2．William Morris（1834-1896）381

3．Algernon Charles Swinburne（1837-1909）382

Ⅴ．Gerard Manley Hopkins（1844-1889）382

Chapter Ⅴ．Non-Fictional Prose385

Ⅰ．Thomas Carlyle（1795-1881）386

Ⅱ．John Ruskin（1819-1900）387

Chapter Ⅵ．The Nineties389

Ⅰ．The Aestheticism390

Ⅱ．Oscar Wilde（1856-1900）392

1．David Copperfield394

2．A Tale of Two Cities399

Ⅱ．William M．Thackeray（1811-1863）Vanity Fair403

1．Ulysses416

2．Crossing the Bar420

1．My Last Duchess423

2．Meeting at Night Parting at Morning427

Dover Beach429

1．Spring and Fall432

2．The Windhover：To Christ Our Lord433

1．Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray437

2．An Ideal Husband439

PART SIX：THE TWENTIETH CENTURY（1901- ）INTRODUCTORY REMARKS449

Ⅰ．Social and Political Background450

Chapter Ⅰ．General Introduction450

Ⅱ．Modernism452

ChapterⅡ．Twentieth Century Poetry454

Ⅰ．Thomas Hardy（1840-1928）and A．E．Housman（1859-1936）455

Ⅱ．The Georgians and the First World War Poets458

1．Technical Revolution in Poetry460

Ⅲ．Two Most Outstanding Modernist Poets——Yeats and Eliot460

2．William Butler Yeats（1885-1929）461

3．T．S Eliot（1888-1965）464

Ⅳ．W．H．Auden（1907-1973）and the Poets of the Thirties467

Ⅴ．Dylan Thomas（1914-1953）468

Ⅵ．The Postwar Poets469

1．Philip Larkin（1922-1985）and other Movement Poets470

2．Ted Hughes（1930- ）471

3．The Group，Post-Movement，and University Wits472

Chapter Ⅲ．Twentieth Century Fiction474

Ⅰ．Realistic Novel at the Begining of the Century474

1．John Galsworthy（1867-1933）475

2．Arnold Bennett（1867-1931）475

3．H．G．Wells（1866-1946）476

1．Henry James（1843-1916）477

Ⅱ．The Emergence of Modernism in Fiction477

2．Joseph Conrad（1857-1924）478

3．E．M．Forster（1879-1970）480

Ⅲ．The Psychological Penetration of D．H．Lawrence（1885-1930）481

1．Stream ofConsciousness484

Ⅳ．Stream of Consciousness Fiction484

2．James Joyce（1882-1941）485

3．Virginia Woolf（1882-1941）486

Ⅴ．Social Satires488

1．Evelyn Waugh（1903-1966）488

2．Aldous Huxley（1894-1963）489

3．George Orwell（1903-1950）490

Ⅵ．The Angry Young Men491

Ⅶ．William Golding（1911- ）493

Ⅷ．Graham Greene（1904-1991）494

Ⅸ．Short Stories496

1．Katherian Mansfield（1888-1923）497

2．William Somerset Maugham（1872-1965）497

Ⅹ．Women Writers498

1．Iris Murdock（1919- ）499

2．Muriel Spark（1918- ）499

3．Doris Lessing（1919- ）499

4．Elizabeth Bowen（1899-1973）500

Chapter Ⅳ．Twentieth Century Drama502

Ⅰ．George Bernard Shaw（1856-1950）503

Ⅱ．The Irish Literary Theatre504

Ⅲ．The Revival of Verse Drama505

Ⅳ．Samuel Backett（1906-1989）and Theatre of the Absurd506

Ⅴ．Dramatists of the Lower Classes——Osborne and Wesker507

Ⅰ．The Moral Approach509

Chapter Ⅴ．Twentieth Century Literary Criticism509

Ⅱ．The Sociological Approach510

Ⅲ．The Formalistic Approach511

Ⅳ．The Psychological Approach512

Ⅴ．The Archetypal Approach513

1．Hap515

2．Neutral Tones516

3．The Darkening Thrush518

4．The Man He Killed521

5．A Plaint to Man523

6．The Voice525

7．In Time of“The Breaking of Nations”527

1．Loveliest of Trees，the Cherry Now530

2．To an Athlete Dying Young531

Ⅲ．Wilfred Owen（1893-1918）Dulce et Decorum Est534

1．The Lake Isle of Innisfree537

2．When You Are old538

3．The Second Coming539

4．Sailing to Byzantium542

Ⅴ．T．S．Eliot（1888-1965）The Love Song of J．Alfred Prufrock546

1．Musee des Beaux Arts557

2．The Unknown Citizen559

Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night562

Ⅶ．Philip Larkin（1922-1985）Church Going565

Ⅸ．Ted Hughes（1930- ）569

1．Hawk Roosting569

2．Theology570

Ⅹ．Joseph Conrad（1857-1924）Preface to The Nigger ofthe“Narcissus”572

Ⅺ．E．M．Forster（1879-1970）The Road from Colonus581

Ⅻ．D．H．Lawrence（1885-1930）The Rocking-Horse Winner598

ⅫⅠ．James Joyce（1882-1941）Araby621

ⅩⅣ．Virginia Woolf（1882-1941）Modern Fiction631

ⅩⅤ．George Orwell（1905-1950）Some Thoughts on the Common Toad644

ⅩⅥ．Katherine Mansfield（1888-1923）The Garden-Party651

ⅩⅦ．Somerset Maugham（1872-1965）The Ant and the Grasshopper672

ⅩⅧ．Doris Lessing（1919- ）A Road to the Big City679

ⅩⅨ．Bernard Shaw（1856-1950）Mrs．Warren's Profession690

APPENDICES707

Ⅰ．A Recommended Reading List of Novels707

Ⅱ．Literary Terms725

Ⅲ．A List of Important English Writers and Their Major Works758

Geoffrey Chaucer（c．1340-1400

SELECTED READINGS1400

PART ONE：THE MIDDLE AGES（449-1485

Ⅱ．Christopher Marlowe（1564-1595

SELECTED READINGS1616

Ⅰ．William Shakespeare（1564-1616

Ⅲ．Sir Walter Raleigh（1552-1618

Ⅴ．John Donne（1572-1631

PART TWO：THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE（1485-1660

Ⅹ．John Milton（1608-1674

Ⅳ．Henry Fielding（1707-1754

Ⅱ．Robert Burns（1759-1796

Ⅸ．Jane Austen（1775-1817

Ⅶ．Percy Bysshe Sheley（1792-1822

Ⅵ．George Gordon Byron（1788-1824

Ⅲ．William Blake（1757-1827

Ⅹ．Sir Walter Scott（1771-1832

Ⅳ．William Wordsworth（1770-1850

SELECTED READINGS1870

Ⅰ．Charles Dickens（1812-1870

Ⅴ．Mathew Arnold（1822-1888

Ⅳ．Robert Browning（1812-1889

Ⅵ．Gerard Manley Hopkins（1844-1889

Ⅲ．Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892

Ⅶ．Oscar Wilde（1856-1900

SELECTED READINGS1928

Ⅰ．Thomas Hardy（1840-1928

Ⅱ．A．E．Housman（1859-1936

Ⅳ．William Butler Yeats（1856-1939

Ⅶ．Dylan Thomas（1914-1953

Ⅵ．W．H．Auden（1907-1973