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Table of contents1

Maps6

Preface7

Acknowledgements10

Nomenclature10

Pronunciation guide to modern Chinese11

The sounds of Mandarin Chinese11

The syllables in Mandarin Chinese14

The Chinese tones15

Other popular romanization and transliteration systems16

Comparative tables17

Comparison Hanyu Pinyin—Tongyong Pinyin20

Conversion table Wade Giles—Hanyu Pinyin—MPS21

PartⅠ：China today26

Facts and statistics about China26

China’s population27

China’s demographic development27

Nationalities in China29

Languages in China37

Religions in China38

China’s geography42

General features42

China’s topography43

Rivers and lakes45

Vegetation and cultivation/Land usage47

Natural disasters47

China’s climate48

Climatic data for select Chinese cities48

Government and politics52

PRC（People’s Republic of China）52

—Political system of the PRC52

—The Chinese Communist Party（CCP）53

—Presidents and Premiers of the PRC56

—The Parliament and the Judiciary of the PRC56

—Ministries and agencies under the PRC State Council57

—Governors/Chief Executives of Hong Kong since 1843 and of Macau since 162360

ROC（Republic of China）64

—Political system of the ROC64

—Major political parties of the ROC65

—Presidents of the ROC 1912-194867

—Presidents/Vice Presidents of the ROC since 194867

—Premiers/Heads of the ROC’s Executive Yuan68

—Heads of the ROC’s four other Yuans since 1928.71

—Ministries and agencies under the ROC Executive Yuan72

—Complete ROC election results since 198974

—Rulers and Governors of Taiwan since 162475

Human rights in China78

Cross-strait relations79

Territorial issues86

—Disputed land borders of the PRC86

—Islands with sovereignty claimed by both the PRC and ROC87

—Islands under the effective control of the ROC89

China’s economy91

China（PRC）91

Taiwan（ROC）96

Quantification of the economies in Greater China and Singapore99

Banking and finance101

Part Ⅱ：The Chinese provinces110

The provinces of China today110

China’s administrative organization110

Ranking of China’s cities and provinces by population，area，and pop.density（2005）112

Administrative subdivisions in the PRC113

Abbreviations of geographical names115

Changes in China’s provincial composition since 1949116

Provinces of the old ROC（1912-1949）117

Obsolete geographical names118

Gazetteer—the Chinese provinces in detail119

1.安徽119

2.北京121

3.重庆122

4.福建124

5.甘肃126

6.广东128

7.广西131

8.贵州134

9.海南136

10.河北137

11.黑龙江140

12.河南143

13.香港146

14.湖北147

15.湖南150

16.内蒙古153

17.江苏156

18.江西158

19.吉林160

20.辽宁162

21.澳门165

22.宁夏166

23.青海168

24.陕西170

25.山东173

26.上海176

27.山西177

28.四川179

29.台湾183

30.天津187

31.西藏188

32.新疆190

33.云南193

34.浙江196

A few words about Singapore199

Part Ⅲ：China’s history202

Chronology of Chinese dynasties202

Historical capitals205

The History of China：A Summary208

The emergence of humans in the China region208

Neolithic China：the Yangshao and Longshan Cultures208

The legendary Xia Dynasty and the mythical emperors210

The Shang/Yin Dynasty（ca.1500-1000 BC）211

The Zhou Dynasty（ca.1000-221 BC）212

Qin Dynasty（221-207 BC）：Birth of a unified China221

The Han Dynasty（207 BC-220 AD）225

Time of division between Han and Sui（220-589）232

The Sui Dynasty（589-618）243

The Tang Dynasty（618-907）245

Time of division between Tang and Song（902-979）253

The Song Dynasty（960-1279）256

The Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty（1279-1368）265

Ming Dynasty（1368-1644）：Chinese rule restored270

The Manchus and the Qing Dynasty（1644-1911）278

Chronology of Greater China 1911-2006295

List of noteworthy persons in Greater China390

Part Ⅳ：Appendix474

Japan，Korea and Vietnam：History and Geography474

History of Japan475

Prime Ministers of Japan since 1885476

Geographical names in Japan478

History of Korea479

Leaders of Korea since 1948480

Geographical names in Korea481

Leaders of Vietnam since 1954482

Geographical names in Vietnam484

International geographical names and terms485

The 194 countries of the world and their capitals485

Alternative country names in Chinese490

Obsolete country names490

Important geographic terms490

Continents and intercontinental regions491

Seas and oceans，gulfs and straits491

Major lakes493

Major rivers493

Major mountain ranges494

Islands，islets，and archipelagos494

Other places，territories，and regions497

Transnational or disputed territories and regions498

U.S.states499

Canada’s provinces and territories500

Australia’s states and territories500

Administrative division of the United Kingdom501

The French regions501

The 16 German states502

The Russian republics502

Space terms503

Selected time zones505

Chinese holidays507

The Chinese calendar508

Yin and Yang，the Five Primary Elements，the Ten Heavenly Stems509

The Chinese Zodiac：Twelve Animal Signs and Twelve Earthly Branches511

The Ganzbi system511

The Eight Trigrams and 64 Hexagrams513

The 24 Solar Terms and the Eight Festivals514

Data about the Chinese lunar calendar，length of Chinese lunar years 1900-2050516

Chinese family names524

Single-character family names524

Two-character family names526

Degrees of kinship527

Military rank530

Ranks in the PRC Armed Forces530

Ranks in the ROC Armed Forces531

Weights and measures532

Chinese system532

Metric system533

US/British system535

Other important measures538

Useful conversion tables539

List of chemical elements541

Excerpts from important documents544

Treaty of Shimonoseki（1895）544

～in Chinese：马关条约（下关条约）545

Japan’s“21 Demands”to China［full text］（1915）546

～in Chinese：日本的《二十一条要求》【全文】548

Cairo Declaration［full text］（1943）549

Agreements reached at the Yalta（Crimea）Conference（1945）549

Potsdam Declaration（1945）550

Japan’s First Instrument of Surrender（1945）550

～in Chinese：日本投降书551

Surrender Order of the Imperial General Headquarters of Japan（1945）552

Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of the Communist Rebellion［full text］（1948）553

～in Chinese：动员戡乱时期临时条款【全文】554

Treaty of San Francisco（1951）555

Treaty of Peace between the ROC and Japan（1952）556

～in Chinese：中华民国与日本国间和平条约557

UN Resolution 2758［full text］（1971）557

Shanghai Communique（1972）558

～in Chinese：中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国联合公报（《上海公报》）559

Joint Communique of the Gov.of Japan and the Goov.of the PRC（1972）560

～in Chinese：中日联合声明560

Taiwan Relations Act（1979）561

Joint Communique of the PRC and the USA（1982）566

～in Chinese：中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国联合公报（八一七公报）567

PRC Constitution， Article 36：Religion（1982）567

～in Chinese：中华人民共和国宪法（第三十六条）568

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea（1982）568

The Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong（1984）568

～in Chinese：中华人民共和国政府和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府关于香港问题的联合声明570

Guidelines for National Unification［full text］（1991）571

～in Chinese：国家统一纲领【全文】572

ROC President Lee Teng-hui’s remarks about the“state-to-state relationship”extant between the ROC and the PRC（1999）573

ROC President Chen Shui-bian’s“Five Noes”（2000，2004）573

The “Anti-Secession Law”of the PRC［full text］（2005）574

～in Chinese：反分裂国家法【全文】576

List of abbreviations and acronyms578

Sources/Further reading664