原子和分子光谱学 基础及实际应用 影印版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

原子和分子光谱学 基础及实际应用 影印版PDF格式电子书版下载

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1．Introduction1

2．Atomic Structure5

2.1 One-Electron Systems5

2.2 Alkali Atoms7

2.3 Magnetic Effects8

2.3.1 Precessional Motion8

2.3.2 Spin-Orbit Interaction9

2.4 General Many-Electron Systems10

2.5 The Influence of External Fields17

2.5.1 Magnetic Fields18

2.5.2 Electric Fields21

2.6 Hyperfine Structure23

2.6.1 Magnetic Hyperfine Structure23

2.6.2 Electric Hyperfine Structure25

2.7 The Influence of External Fields (hfs)26

2.8 Isotopic Shifts29

3．Molecular Structure31

3.1 Electronic Levels32

3.2 Rotational Energy35

3.3 Vibrational Energy36

3.4 Polyatomic Molecules37

3.5 Clusters39

3.6 Other Molecular Structures40

4．Radiation and Scattering Processes41

4.1 Resonance Radiation41

4.2 Spectra Generated by Dipole Transitions51

4.2.1 Atoms52

4.2.2 Molecules55

4.3 Rayleigh and Raman Scattering61

4.4 Raman Spectra63

4.4.1 Vibrational Raman Spectra63

4.4.2 Rotational Raman Spectra64

4.4.3 Vibrational-Rotational Raman Spectra64

4.5 Mie Scattering65

4.6 Atmospheric Scattering Phenomena66

4.7 Comparison Between Different Radiation and Scattering Processes69

4.8 Collision-Induced Processes70

5．Spectroscopy of Inner Electrons71

5.1 X-Ray Spectroscopy71

5.1.1 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy73

5.1.2 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy79

5.1.3 X-Ray Imaging Applications82

5.2 Photoelectron Spectroscopy85

5.2.1 XPS Techniques and Results87

5.2.2 Chemical Shifts90

5.3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy95

6．Optical Spectroscopy97

6.1 Light Sources97

6.1.1 Line Light Sources98

6.1.2 Continuum Light Sources106

6.1.3 Synchrotron Radiation108

6.1.4 Natural Radiation Sources113

6.2 Spectral Resolution Instruments114

6.2.1 Prism Spectrometers114

6.2.2 Grating Spectrometers117

6.2.3 The Fabry-Pérot Interferometer121

6.2.4 The Fourier Transform Spectrometer126

6.3 Detectors128

6.4 Optical Components and Materials134

6.4.1 Interference Filters and Mirrors134

6.4.2 Absorption Filters138

6.4.3 Polarizers141

6.4.4 Optical Materials143

6.4.5 Influence of the Transmission Medium144

6.5 Optical Methods of Chemical Analysis148

6.5.1 The Beer-Lambert Law149

6.5.2 Atomic Absorption/Emission Spectrophotometry151

6.5.3 Burners,Flames,Sample Preparation and Measurements155

6.5.4 Modified Methods of Atomization156

6.5.5 Multi-Element Analysis157

6.5.6 Molecular Spectrophotometry158

6.5.7 Raman Spectroscopy160

6.6 Optical Remote Sensing162

6.6.1 Atmospheric Monitoring with Passive Techniques164

6.6.2 Land and Water Measurements with Passive Techniques171

6.7 Astrophysical Spectroscopy176

7．Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy187

7.1 Resonance Methods187

7.1.1 Magnetic Resonance187

7.1.2 Atomic-Beam Magnetic Resonance189

7.1.3 Optical Pumping197

7.1.4 Optical Double Resonance200

7.1.5 Level-Crossing Spectroscopy203

7.1.6 Resonance Methods for Liquids and Solids209

7.2 Microwave Radiometry218

7.3 Radio Astronomy222

8．Lasers227

8.1 Basic Principles227

8.2 Coherence230

8.3 Resonators and Mode Structure231

8.4 Fixed-Frequency Lasers236

8.4.1 The Ruby Laser236

8.4.2 Four-Level Lasers238

8.4.3 Pulsed Gas Lasers241

8.4.4 The He-Ne Laser243

8.4.5 Gaseous Ion Lasers244

8.5 Tunable Lasers246

8.5.1 Dye Lasers246

8.5.2 Colour-Centre Lasers255

8.5.3 Tunable Solid-State Lasers256

8.5.4 Tunable CO2 Lasers257

8.5.5 Semiconductor Lasers259

8.6 Nonlinear Optical Phenomena262

8.7 Ultra-short and Ultra-high-Power Laser Pulse Generation276

8.7.1 Short-Pulse Generation by Mode-Locking276

8.7.2 Generation of Ultra-high Power Pulses282

9．Laser Spectroscopy287

9.1 Basic Principles287

9.1.1 Comparison Between Conventional Light Sources and Lasers287

9.1.2 Saturation287

9.1.3 Excitation Methods289

9.1.4 Detection Methods290

9.1.5 Laser Wavelength Setting292

9.2 Doppler-Limited Techniques294

9.2.1 Absorption Measurements294

9.2.2 Intracavity Absorption Measurements296

9.2.3 Absorption Measurements on Excited States297

9.2.4 Level Labelling298

9.2.5 Two-Photon Absorption Measurements299

9.2.6 Opto-Galvanic Spectroscopy301

9.2.7 Single-Atom and Single-Molecule Detection304

9.2.8 Opto-Acoustic Spectroscopy304

9.3 Optical Double-Resonance and Level-Crossing Experiments with Laser Excitation306

9.4 Time-Resolved Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy311

9.4.1 Generation of Short Optical Pulses312

9.4.2 Measurement Techniques for Optical Transients312

9.4.3 Background to Lifetime Measurements318

9.4.4 Survey of Methods of Measurement for Radiative Properties319

9.4.5 Quantum-Beat Spectroscopy325

9.5 Ultrafast Spectroscopy331

9.5.1 Ultrafast Measurement Techniques332

9.5.2 Molecular Reaction Dynamics(Femtochemistry)336

9.5.3 Coherent Control338

9.6 High-Power Laser Experiments339

9.6.1 Above Threshold Ionization(ATI)340

9.6.2 High Harmonic Generation342

9.6.3 X-Ray Laser Pumping347

9.6.4 Broadband X-Ray Generation348

9.6.5 Relativistic Effects and Laser Accelerators351

9.6.6 Laser-Nuclear Interactions and Laser-Driven Fusion351

9.7 High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy351

9.7.1 Spectroscopy on Collimated Atomic and Ionic Beams352

9.7.2 Saturation Spectroscopy and Related Techniques359

9.7.3 Doppler-Free Two-Photon Absorption368

9.8 Cooling and Trapping of Ions and Atoms374

9.8.1 Introduction374

9.8.2 Ion Traps376

9.8.3 Basic Laser Cooling in Traps377

9.8.4 Trapped Ion Spectroscopy379

9.8.5 Atom Cooling and Trapping379

9.8.6 Sub-Recoil Cooling382

9.8.7 Atom Optics384

9.8.8 Bose-Einstein Condensation and"Atom Lasers"384

9.8.9 Ultracold Fermionic Gases387

10．Laser-Spectroscopic Applications389

10.1 Diagnostics of Combustion Processes389

10.1.1 Background389

10.1.2 Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Related Techniques392

10.1.3 Raman Spectroscopy398

10.1.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering398

10.1.5 Velocity Measurements403

10.2 Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere406

10.2.1 Optical Heterodyne Detection407

10.2.2 Long-Path Absorption Techniques408

10.2.3 Lidar Techniques414

10.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy in Liquids and Solids425

10.3.1 Hydrospheric Remote Sensing426

10.3.2 Vegetation Monitoring429

10.3.3 Monitoring of Surface Layers430

10.4 Laser-Induced Chemical Processes435

10.4.1 Laser-Induced Chemistry435

10.4.2 Laser Isotope Separation436

10.5 Spectroscopic Aspects of Lasers in Medicine441

10.5.1 Thermal Interaction of Laser Light with Tissue441

10.5.2 Photodynamic Tumour Therapy443

10.5.3 Tissue Diagnostics with Laser-Induced Fluorescence447

10.5.4 Scattering Spectroscopy and Tissue Transillumination454

Questions and Exercises461

References473

Index575