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Chapter 1 Culture,Communication,Intercultural Communication1

Warm-up Cases1

1．Culture3

1.1 Definitions of Culture3

1.2 The Characteristics of Culture4

1.3 Culture and Language6

2．Communication7

2.1 Definitions of Communication7

2.2 The Characteristics of Communication8

2.3 The Scope and Classification of Communication10

3．Intercultural Communication12

3.1 Definition of Intercultural Communication12

3.2 Barriers in Intercultural Communication12

3.3 Intercultural Communication Competence15

Exercises16

Glossary20

References21

Keys to Exercises22

Chapter 2 Verbal Communication23

Warm-up Cases23

1．Cultural Variations in Verbal Communication25

1.1 Addressing25

1.2 Greeting and Leave-taking26

1.3 Appologizing27

1.4 Invitation and Response28

1.5 Compliment and Response30

2．The Reasons for the Differences in Verbal Communication31

2.1 High-context and Low-context Cultures31

2.2 Individualism and Collectivism33

2.3 Different Cultural Thought Pattern34

3．Special Forms of Oral Communication35

3.1 Oral Presentation36

3.2 Telephone Calls37

4．Cultural Impact on Language at Various Levels38

4.1 Word Meaning38

4.2 Idioms39

4.3 Topics40

4.4 Pragmatic Transfer41

Exercises42

Glossary47

References48

Keys to Exercises49

Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication50

Warm-up Cases50

1．Definitions of Nonverbal Communication52

2．Functions of Nonverbal Communication53

2.1 Repeating53

2.2 Complementing54

2.3 Substituting54

2.4 Regulating54

2.5 Contradicting54

3．Categories of Nonverbal Communication55

3.1 Kinesics55

3.1.1 Gestures56

3.1.2 Facial Expressions58

3.1.3 Postures59

3.2 Chronemics60

3.2.1 M-time(Monochronic time)61

3.2.2 P-time(Polychronic time)62

3.3 Proxemics62

3.3.1 Hall's Spatial Distance62

3.3.2 Personal Territory64

3.4 Silence65

4．Significance of Nonverbal Communication66

Exercises67

Glossary71

References72

Keys to Exercises72

Chapter 4 Cross-gender Communication73

Warm-up Cases73

1．Sex and Gender75

2．Feminine and Masculine Communication Cultures76

2.1 Different Features of Feminine and Masculine Culture76

2.2 The Reasons for the Differences78

3．Cross-gender Communication Strategies80

Exercises81

Glossary88

References88

Keys to Exercises89

Chapter 5 Identity and Cross-cultural Communication90

Warm-up Cases90

1．Definitions of Identity93

2．Cultural Identity94

2.1 Definitions of Cultural Identity94

2.2 Formations of Cultural Identity94

2.3 Characteristics of Cultural Identity95

3．Identity and Cross-cultural Barriers96

3.1 Stereotyping96

3.1.1 Definitions of Stereotyping96

3.1.2 The Stereotyping Process97

3.1.3 Means of Acquiring Stereotypes97

3.1.4 Pitfalls of Stereotype98

3.2 Ethnocentrism99

3.2.1 Definitions of Ethnocentrism99

3.2.2 Forms of Ethnocentrism100

3.2.3 Negative Impacts on Cross-cultural Communication100

3.2.4 Efforts to Overcome Ethnocentrism101

3.3 Prejudice102

3.3.1 Definitions of Prejudice102

3.3.2 Manifestations of Prejudice103

3.3.3 Functions of Prejudice105

3.4 Racism106

3.4.1 Definitions of Racism106

3.4.2 Manifestations of Racism107

3.4.3 Forms of Racism108

4．Overcoming Cultural Biases Based on Identity109

Exercises110

Glossary112

References113

Keys to Exercises113

Chapter 6 Culture and International Business114

Warm-up Cases114

1．Business across Culture117

1.1 Initial Contacts117

1.2 Punctuality120

1.3 Dining Rules and Dressing Codes121

1.4 Superstition and Taboos124

2．Negotiation and Managing Differences125

2.1 Negotiation Differences125

2.2 Management Differences127

3．International Business Strategies128

3.1 Negotiation Strategies128

3.2 Marketing Strategies130

Exercises131

Glossary140

References141

Keys to Exercises141

Chapter 7 Cross-cultural Communication and Language Teaching142

Warm-up Cases142

1．Culture,Language and Education144

2．The Importance of English Language Teaching145

2.1 English as an International Language145

2.2 English as a Language in Education146

2.3 English as a Dominant Working Language147

3．Language Teaching and Intercultural Communication Competence147

3.1 The Importance of Intercultural Communication Competence147

3.2 Linguistic Proficiency and Communicative Competence148

3.3 How to Improve Intercultural Communication Competence148

Exercises150

Glossary156

References156

Keys to Exercises157

Chapter 8 Cross-cultural Communication in Intimate Relationships158

Warm-up Cases158

1．Friendships in Cross-cultural Communication161

1.1 What Is a Friend?161

1.2 Cultural Varieties in Friendships162

2．Love Affairs in Cross-cultural Communication164

2.1 What is a Date,Romance,Love or Marriage?164

2.2 Suggestions on Cross-cultural Marriages165

3．Families in Cross-cultural Communication167

3.1 Family Types167

3.2 Cultural Impacts on Families168

4．Cultural Factors in Cross-cultural Intimate Relationships170

Exercises172

Glossary177

References178

Keys to Exercises178

Chapter 9 Cultural Differences/Value Differences179

Warm-up Cases179

1．Cultural Differences181

1.1 Two Types of Cultural Difference181

1.2 Cultural Differences in Sensation and Perception182

1.2.1 Physiological Differences182

1.2.2 Sociological Differences182

1.2.3 Psychological Differences183

1.3 Cultural Differences in Etiquette183

1.3.1 Cultural Differences in Hospitality183

1.3.2 Cultural Differences in Modesty184

1.3.3 Cultural Differences in Privacy184

1.3.4 Cultural Differences in Directness184

2．Values185

2.1 Definitions of Values185

2.2 Classifications of Values186

2.3 Functions of Values186

3．Cultural Patterns187

3.1 Definitions of Cultural Patterns187

3.2 Major Taxonomies of Cultural Patterns187

3.2.1 Hofstede's Cultural Patterns187

3.2.2 Hall's High/Low Context197

3.2.3 The Kluckhohns＆Strodtbeck's Value Orientations199

3.3 Remarks on Cultural Patterns203

Exercises204

Glossary206

References207

Keys to Exercises208

Chapter 10 Developing Intercultural Competence210

Warm-up Cases210

1．Intercultural Awareness213

1.1 Definitions of Intercultural Awareness213

1.2 Four Levels of Intercultural Awareness213

2．Culture Shock214

2.1 Definitions of Culture Shock215

2.2 Stages of Culture Shock215

2.3 Ways of Coping with Culture Shock218

3．Intercultural Adaptation219

3.1 Acculturation219

3.2 Factors Affecting Intercultural Adaptation220

3.3 Intercultural Adaptation Strategies222

3.4 Intercultural Adaptation Outcomes224

4．Intercultural Competence225

4.1 Definitions of Intercultural Competence225

4.2 Factors in Intercultural Competence226

4.3 Skills to Improve Intercultural Competence227

Exercises230

Glossary233

References234

Keys to Exercises235