水信息采集与处理 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Chapter Ⅰ Hydrometric Stations1

1.1 Hydrometric network design1

1.1.1 Purpose of network design and classification of network1

1.1.2 Principles for designing a base network2

1.1.3 Hydrometric networks in some countries4

1.2 Selection and reconnaissance of river reaches for hydrometric stations5

1.2.1 Control of hydrometric stations6

1.2.2 Selection of stream gauging reaches7

1.2.3 Survey for the stream—gauging reaches7

1.3 Establishment of hydrometric stations8

1.3.1 Procedures of establishing gauging stations and stream gauging stations8

1.3.2 Establishment of the cross section and the base line8

Chapter Ⅱ Water Level10

2.1 Outline10

2.1.1 The base level10

2.1.2 Water level or stage11

2.2 Instruments for observing stages15

2.2.1 Different types of gauges15

2.2.2 Automatic recording systems21

2.2.3 Stilling well24

2.2.4 Accuracy of water level measurements29

2.2.5 Presentation of results of water level measurements30

2.2.6 International Standards33

2.3 Processing of stage records33

2.3.1 Checking the datum level and zero point of the gauge33

2.3.2 Computation of mean daily stage33

2.3.3 Interpolation of stage records34

2.3.4 Plotting stage hydrographs34

2.3.5 Making average daily hydrograph tables34

2.3.6 Selection of stages for various durations34

2.3.7 Inspecting the rationality of stage data35

Chapter Ⅲ Discharge Measurement36

3.1 Introduction36

3.1.1 Purpose36

3.1.2 Different methods of discharge measurements36

3.2 Measurement of cross section37

3.2.1 Introduction37

3.2.2 Measurement of depth38

3.2.3 Position of verticals41

3.2.4 Data processing and computation49

3.2.5 International standards53

3.3 Velocity of flow53

3.3.1 Pulsation of the velocity53

3.3.2 Velocity distribution53

3.3.3 Current meter56

3.4 Current meter measurement and discharge computation59

3.4.1 Theory59

3.4.2 Arrangement of verticals and points for velocity measurement59

3.4.3 Duration of measurement63

3.4.4 Computation of discharge64

3.5 Measurement of discharge by float method69

3.5.1 Principle and method of measuring stream flow by a float69

3.5.2 Float coefficient70

3.5.3 Computation of discharge for surface float method70

3.5.4 Computation of discharge from mean velocity by float method71

3.5.5 Example of a subsurface float71

3.6 Other methods of flow measurement72

3.6.1 Dilution（tracer）method of flow measurement72

3.6.2 Flow measuring structures75

3.6.3 Measurement of discharge by ultrasonic wave method94

3.6.4 Electromagnetic method95

3.6.5 Flow measurement in hydroelectric station95

3.6.6 Limited number of verticals（the h3/2 method）96

3.6.7 Moving boat method97

3.6.8 Slope area method100

3.6.9 The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,ADCP102

3.6.10 Remarks107

3.7 Errors in measurement and computation of discharge107

3.7.1 Errors in measuring discharge107

3.7.2 Computational error of discharge108

3.7.3 Analysis and estimation of the composite error109

3.7.4 Error due to reduction113

3.7.5 Accuracy of discharge measurements by velocity—area methods114

3.7.6 Selection of methods119

3.7.7 International Standards121

Chapter Ⅳ Compilation of Stream Flow Data122

4.1 Introduction122

4.2 Stage discharge relation122

4.2.1 Stage discharge relation in artificial channels123

4.2.2 Stage discharge relation for natural streams124

4.3 Stable stage discharge relation128

4.3.1 Curve fitting for stable stage discharge relation129

4.3.2 Other curves derived from the rating curve133

4.3.3 Remarks135

4.4 Stage discharge relation influenced by variable backwater136

4.4.1 Equal fall method137

4.4.2 Constant fall method138

4.4.3 The choice of the auxiliary gauge to measure fall138

4.5 Stage discharge relation influenced by rapidly changing stage138

4.5.1 Loop curve method143

4.5.2 Adjusting factor method144

4.6 Influence of scour and silting of the river bed145

4.6.1 Analysis of observed data148

4.6.2 Temporary curve method148

4.6.3 Adjusting stage method150

4.7 Stage discharge relation under combined influences150

4.7.1 Factor analysis150

4.7.2 Method of connecting Z—Q points in chronological order151

4.7.3 Method of connecting the observed hydrograph152

4.8 Measurement by sluices and dams152

4.8.1 Discharge formula for a free overfall weir154

4.8.2 Submerged weir flow155

4.9 Method for computing discharge through a hydroelectric hydropower station or a pumping station156

4.9.1 Discharge computed by making use of a hydroelectric station157

4.9.2 Discharge computed by making use of a pumping station157

4.10 Extending the rating curve and interpolating the discharge158

4.10.1 Extending Z—Q curve158

4.10.2 Discharge interpolation162

4.11 Calculation of average daily discharges and rational check of discharge data162

4.11.1 Calculation of average daily discharges162

4.11.2 Rational check（quality control）of discharge data163

Chapter Ⅴ Sediment Observation and Sediment Data Compilation166

5.1 Introduction166

5.2 Basic concepts168

5.2.1 Sediment yield168

5.2.2 Classification of sediment transport170

5.3 Observation of sediment172

5.3.1 Instruments173

5.3.2 Sampling and elaboration179

5.4 Data compilation for suspended sedimentdischarge189

5.4.1 Data collection189

5.4.2 Study of observed suspended sediment discharge data189

5.4.3 Method for deriving the average cross sectional silt content189

5.4.4 Method for deriving means daily cross sectional sediment discharge and silt content191

5.4.5 Rationality checks of the suspended sediment discharge and silt content192

5.5 Sediment grain size analysis193

5.5.1 Outline193

5.5.2 Direct measurement method195

5.5.3 The mean grain size196

5.5.4 Grain size analysis in stilling water198

5.6 International Standards199

Chapter Ⅵ Groundwater Monitoring200

6.1 Current situation and problem of groundwater resources development and utilization200

6.1.1 Current situation of groundwater resources development and utilization200

6.1.2 Groundwater overdraft cause serious ecological problems202

6.2 The progress of groundwater monitoring203

6.2.1 Groundwater monitoring status203

6.2.2 Groundwater monitoring problems206

6 3 Groundwater monitoring207

6.3.1 Groundwater network planning and deployment207

6.3.2 Groundwater information collect210

6.3.3 Groundwater data processing （information integration）212

Chapter Ⅶ Collection of Water Quality Information215

7.1 Surface water sampling215

7.1.1 Setting up the collecting sections,verticals and points215

7.1.2 Sampling time and sampling frequency217

7.1.3 Preparation for sampling217

7.1.4 Sampling methods218

7.2 Groundwater sampling218

7.2.1 Setting up the sampling wells218

7.2.2 Sampling time and frequency219

7.2.3 Preparation for sampling220

7.2.4 Sampling methods and requirements220

7.3 The investigation for the sources of water body pollution220

7.3.1 Definition220

7.3.2 The main contents221

7.3.3 The methods222

7.3.4 Water pollution accident investigation223

7.3.5 Transient water pollution monitoring223

7.4 Processing and compiling the water quality data225

7.4.1 Data recording and processing225

7.4.2 The compilation of information226

7.4.3 Preservation and requirements of information228

Review and Question229

参考文献230

附录232

附录A232

附录B234

附录C235