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BASIC SENTENCE STRUCTURE句子结构1

1 Clauses and sentences分句和句子1

2 The noun group名词词组5

3 The verb group动词词组10

4 The imperative and‘let’祈使句和“let”15

QUESTIONS疑问句19

5 Questions 疑问句19

6 ‘Wh’-questions“wh”－问句24

7 Question tags:forms附加问句：形式29

8 Question tags:uses附加问句：用法33

9 Indirect questions间接疑问句38

10 Short answers简短回答41

NEGATIVES否定句46

11 Sentences with‘not’带“not”的句子46

12 Negative words否定词50

NOUNS名词54

13 Count nouns可数名词54

14 Singular and plural单数与复数：singular,plural and collective nouns58

15 Uncount nouns不可数名词63

PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES代词和所有格67

16 Personal pronouns人称代词67

17 Impersonal subject‘it’非人称代词“it”71

18 Impersonal subject‘there’非人称主语“there”75

19 Demonstrative pronouns指示代词：this,that,these,those,one, ones79

20 Reflexive pronouns反身代词83

21 Indefinite pronouns不定代词88

22 Possession所有格92

DETERMINERS限定词96

23 Determiners限定词96

24 Main uses of‘the’“the”的主要用法100

25 Other uses of‘the’“the”的其他用法103

26 ‘A’and‘an’“a”和“an”108

27 All,most,no,none all、most、no、none112

28 Both,either,neither both、either、neither116

29 Quantity 1数量（1）：Much,little,many,few,more,less,fewer120

30 Quantity 2数量（2）:Some,any,another,other,each,every125

ADJECTIVES形容词130

31 Position of adjectives形容词的位置130

32 Order of adjectives形容词的顺序134

33 Adjectives with‘to’-infinitive or‘that’-clauses形容词＋“to”- 不定式或“that”-分句138

34 ‘-ing’and‘-ed’adjectives“-ing”和“-ed”形容词142

COMPARISON比较级147

35 Comparison:basic forms比较：基本形式147

36 Comparison:uses比较：用法151

37 Other ways of comparing其他比较方式155

ADVERBIALS副词160

38 Adverbials状语160

39 Adverbials of manner方式状语164

40 Adverbials of time时间状语168

41 Frequency and probability频率和可能性173

42 Adverbials of duration持续状语：already,yet,still176

43 Adverbials of degree程度状语180

PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS介词和短语动词180

44 Place and direction地点和方位185

45 Place-‘at’，‘in’，‘on’地点—“at”、“in”、“on”188

46 Transport prepositions运输方式介词192

47 Adjective+preposition形容词＋介词195

48 Noun+preposition名词＋介词199

49 Verb+preposition动词＋介词203

50 Phrasal verbs短语动词207

TRANSITIVITY:VERBS AND OBJECTS及物性：动词和宾语207

51 Verbs and objects动词和宾语：transitive and intransitive verbs211

52 Verbs with two objects带双宾语动词215

53 Reflexive verbs反身动词219

54 Reciprocal verbs互为动词222

55 Ergative verbs作格动词226

56 Common verb+noun patterns普通动词＋名词句型230

TENSES时态234

57 Auxiliary verbs助动词：be,have,do234

58 The present tenses现在时238

59 The past tenses过去时242

60 The continuous tenses进行时246

61 The perfect tenses完成时250

62 Talking about the present谈及现在254

63 Talking about the past谈及过去258

64 ‘Will’and‘going to’“will”和“going to”262

65 Present tenses for future表将来的现在时266

CONDITIONALS AND HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS条件句和假设266

66 Conditionals using‘if’“if”条件句269

67 Conditional clauses using modals and‘unless’带情态动词和“unless”的条件句273

68 ‘I wish’，‘if only’，‘…as if…’“I wish”、“if only”、“…as if…”277

-ING CLAUSES AND INFINITIVES-ING分句和不定式277

69 Verbs with‘-ing’clauses动词加“-ing”分句281

70 Infinitives不定式285

71 Verbs with‘to’-infinitive or‘-ing’clauses动词＋“to”-不定式或“-ing”分句291

72 Verbs with other types of clauses带其他分句的动词295

73 Link verbs系动词299

REPORTED SPEECH转述语303

74 Reporting the past转述过去303

75 Reported questions转述问句307

76 Reporting:‘that’-clauses转述：“that”-分句311

77 Other report structures其他转述结构316

THE PASSIVE VOICE被动语态320

78 The passive voice被动语态320

MODALS情态动词324

79 Introduction to modals情态动词324

80 Modals:negation and questions情态动词：否定和疑问327

81 Possibility可能性：can,could,may,might331

82 Probability and certainty可能性和确定性：cannot,can't,must,ought,should,will335

83 Ability能力：can,could,be able to339

84 Permission许可：can,could,may343

85 Instructions and requests指示和请求：can,could,will,would347

86 Suggestions建议：could,may,might,shall351

87 Offers and invitations提议和邀请：can,could,shall,will,would355

88 Wants and wishes希望和愿望：would like,would rather,wouldn't mind359

89 Obligation and necessity 1义务和必要性（1）：have to,have got to,must,mustn't363

90 Obligation and necessity 2义务和必要性（2）：need to,needn't，not have to367

91 Mild obligation and advice委婉的要求或建议：should,ought,should/ought to have,hadbetter371

RELATIVE CLAUSES AND PARTICIPLE CLAUSES关系分句和分词分句371

92 Defining relative clauses限定性关系分句375

93 Non-defining relative clauses非限定性分句380

94 Participle clauses分词分句384

95 Other ways of adding to a noun group名词词组的后加成分387

OTHER KINDS OF CLAUSES其他类型分句391

96 Time clauses时间分句391

97 Purpose and reason clauses目的和原因分句395

98 Result clauses结果分句399

99 Contrast clauses对比分句403

100 Manner clauses方式分句406

101 Changing sentence focus改变句子焦点409

102 Cohesion衔接：making connections in speech and writing413

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMAR TERMS语法术语表417

IRREGULAR VERBS OF ENGLISH英语不规则动词表443