通信系统 通信中的信号与噪声 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 Elements and Limitations of Communications Systems2

Information，Messages，and Signals2

Elements of a Communication System3

Fundamental Limitations5

1.2 Modulation and Coding6

Modulation Methods6

Modulation Benefits and Applications7

Coding Methods and Benefits10

1.3 Historical Perspective and Societal Impact11

Historical Perspective12

Societal Impact14

1.4 Prospectus15

Chapter 2 Signals and Spectra17

2.1 Line Spectra and Fourier Series19

Phasors and Line Spectra19

Periodic Signals and Average Power23

Fourier Series25

Convergence Conditions and Gibbs Phenomenon29

Parseval’s Power Theorem31

Fourier Transforms33

2.2 Fourier Transforms and Continuous Spectra(2.1)33

Symmetric and Causal Signals37

Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem40

Duality Theorem42

Transform Calculations44

2.3 Time and Frequency Relations(2.2)44

Superposition45

Time Delay and Scale Change45

Frequency Translation and Modulation48

Differentiation and Integration50

2.4 Convolution(2.3)52

Convolution Integral53

Convolution Theorems55

2.5 Impulses and Transforms in the Limit (2.4)58

Properties of the Unit Impulse58

Impulses in Frequency61

Step and Signum Functions64

Impulses in Time66

Chapter 3 Signal Transmission and Filtering75

3.1 Response of LTI Systems(2.4)76

Impulse Response and the Superposition Integral77

Transfer Functions and Frequency Response80

Block-Diagram Analysis86

3.2 Signal Distortion in Transmission(3.1)89

Distortionless Transmission89

Linear Distortion91

Equalization94

Nonlinear Distortion and Companding97

3.3 Transmission Loss and Decibels(3.2)99

Power Gain99

Transmission Loss and Repeaters101

Fiber Optics102

Radio Transmission106

3.4 Filters and Filtering(3.3)109

Ideal Filters109

Bandlimiting and Timelimiting111

Real Filters112

Pulse Response and Risetime116

3.5 Quadrature Filters and Hilbert Transforms(3.4)120

3.6 Correlation and Spectral Density(3.3)124

Correlation of Power Signals124

Correlation of Energy Signals127

Spectral Density Functions130

Chapter 4 Linear CW Modulation141

4.1 Bandpass Signals and Systems(3.4)142

Analog Message Conventions143

Bandpass Signals144

Bandpass Transmission147

4.2 Double-Sideband Amplitude Modulation(4.1)152

AM Signals and Spectra152

DSB Signals and Spectra154

Tone Modulation and Phasor Analysis157

Product Modulators158

4.3 Modulators and Transmitters(4.2)158

Square-Law and Balanced Modulators160

Switching Modulators162

4.4 Suppressed-Sideband Amplitude Modulation(3.5，4.3)164

SSB Signals and Spectra164

SSB Generation167

VSB Signals and Spectra170

4.5 Frequency Conversion and Demodulation(4.4)172

Frequency Conversion172

Synchronous Detection173

Envelope Detection176

Chapter 5 Exponential CW Modulation183

PM and FM signals184

5.1 Phase and Frequency Modulation(4.3)184

Narrowband PM and FM188

Tone Modulation189

Multitone and Periodic Modulation196

5.2 Transmission Bandwidth and Distortion(5.1)199

Transmission Bandwidth Estimates199

Linear Distortion202

Nonlinear Distortion and Limiters205

Direct FM and VCOs208

5.3 Generation and Detection of FM and PM(4.5，5.2)208

Phase Modulators and Indirect FM209

Triangular-Wave FM212

Frequency Detection214

5.4 Interference(5.3)219

Interfering Sinusoids219

Deemphasis and Preemphasis Filtering221

FM Capture Effect224

Chapter 6 Sampling and Pulse Modulation231

Chopper Sampling232

6.1 Sampling Theory and Practice(4.2)232

Ideal Sampling and Reconstruction237

Practical Sampling and Aliasing240

6.2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation(6.1)245

Flat-Top Sampling and PAM245

6.3 Pulse-Time Modulation(6.2)248

Pulse-Duration and Pulse-Position Modulation248

PPM Spectral Analysis251

Chapter 7 Analog Communication Systems257

Superheterodyne Receivers258

7.1 Receivers for CW Modulation(5.3)258

Direct Conversion Receivers262

Special-Purpose Receivers262

Receiver Specifications264

Scanning Spectrum Analyzers265

7.2 Multiplexing Systems(5.3，6.1)266

Frequency-Division Multiplexing266

Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing271

Time-Division Multiplexing272

Cross Talk and Guard Times276

Comparison of TDM and FDM277

PLL Operation and Lock-In278

7.3 Phase-Lock Loops(7.1)278

Synchronous Detection and Frequency Synthesizers281

Linearized PLL Models and FM Detection285

7.4 Television Systems(7.1)286

Video Signals，Resolution，and Bandwidth287

Monochrome Transmitters and Receivers292

Color Television294

HDTV299

Chapter 8 Probability and Random Variables311

Probabilities and Events312

8.1 Probability and Sample Space312

Sample Space and Probability Theory313

Conditional Probability and Statistical Independence317

8.2 Random Variables and Probability Functions(8.1)320

Discrete Random Variables and CDFs320

Continuous Random Variables and PDFs323

Transformations of Random Variables327

Joint and Conditional PDFs329

8.3 Statistical Averages(2.3，8.2)330

Means，Moments，and Expectation331

Standard Deviation and Chebyshev’s Inequality332

Multivariate Expectations334

Characteristic Functions336

8.4 Probability Models(8.3)337

Binomial Distribution337

Poisson Distribution338

Gaussian PDF339

Rayleigh PDF342

Bivariate Gaussian Distribution344

Chapter 9 Random Signals and Noise351

9.1 Random Processes(3.6，8.4)352

Ensemble Averages and Correlation Functions353

Ergodic and Stationary Processes357

Gaussian Processes362

9.2 Random Signals(9.1)362

Power Spectrum362

Superposition and Modulation367

Filtered Random Signals368

9.3 Noise(9.2)371

Thermal Noise and Available Power372

White Noise and Filtered Noise375

Noise Equivalent Bandwidth378

System Measurements Using White Noise380

9.4 Baseband Signal Transmission with Noise(9.3)381

Additive Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratios382

Analog Signal Transmission383

9.5 Baseband Pulse Transmission with Noise(9.4)386

Pulse Measurements in Noise386

Pulse Detection and Matched Filters388

Chapter 10 Noise in Analog Modulation Systems397

10.1 Bandpass Noise(4.4，9.2)398

System Models399

Quadrature Components401

Envelope and Phase403

Correlation Functions404

10.2 Linear CW Modulation with Noise(10.2)406

Synchronous Detection407

Envelope Detection and Threshold Effect409

10.3 Exponential CW Modulation with Noise(5.3，10.2)412

Postdetection Noise412

Destination S/N416

FM Threshold Effect418

Threshold Extension by FM Feedback421

10.4 Comparison of CW Modulation Systems(9.4，10.3)422

10.5 Phase-Lock Loop Noise Performance(7.3，10.1)425

10.6 Analog Pulse Modulation with Noise(6.3，9.5)426

Signal-to-Noise Ratios426

False-Pulse Threshold Effect429

Chapter 11 Baseband Digital Transmission435

11.1 Digital Signals and Systems(9.1)437

Digital PAM Signals437

Transmission Limitations440

Power Spectra of Digital PAM443

Spectral Shaping by Precoding446

Binary Error Probabilities448

11.2 Noise and Errors(9.4，11.1)448

Regenerative Repeaters453

Matched Filtering454

M-ary Error Probabilities457

11.3 Bandlimited Digital PAM Systems(11.2)461

Nyquist Pulse Shaping461

Optimum Terminal Filters464

Equalization467

Correlative Coding470

11.4 Synchronization Techniques(11.2)476

Bit Synchronization477

Scramblers and PN Sequence Generators479

Frame Synchronization484

Chapter 12 Digitization Techniques for Analog Messages and Networks493

12.1 Pulse-Code Modulation(6.2，11.1)495

PCM Generation and Reconstruction495

Quantization Noise499

Nonuniform Quantizing and Companding501

12.2 PCM with Noise(11.2，12.1)504

Decoding Noise505

Error Threshold507

PCM Versus Analog Modulation508

12.3 Delta Modulation and Predictive Coding(12.2)510

Delta Modulation510

Delta-Sigma Modulation516

Adaptive Delta Modulation516

Differential PCM518

LPC Speech Synthesis520

12.4 Digital Audio Recording(12.3)522

CD Recording523

CD Playback525

12.5 Digital Multiplexing(12.1)526

Multiplexers and Hierarchies527

Digital Subscriber Lines530

Integrated Services Digital Network532

Synchronous Optical Network533

Data Multiplexers535

12.6 Computer Networks(12.5)537

Open Systems Interconnection538

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol539

Chapter 13 Channel Coding and Encryption547

13.1 Error Detection and Correction(11.2)549

Repetition and Parity-Check Codes549

Interleaving550

Code Vectors and Hamming Distance552

FEC Systems553

ARQ Systems556

13.2 Linear Block Codes(13.1)560

Matrix Representation of Block Codes560

Syndrome Decoding564

Cyclic Codes567

M-ary Codes573

13.3 Convolutional Codes(13.2)574

Convolutional Encoding574

Free Distance and Coding Gain580

Decoding Methods585

Turbo Codes592

13.4 Data Encryption(13.1)594

Data Encryption Standard598

Rivest-Shamir-Adleman System602

Chapter 14 Bandpass Digital Transmission611

14.1 Digital CW Modulation(4.5，5.1，11.1)612

Spectral Analysis of Bandpass Digital Signals613

Amplitude Modulation Methods614

Phase Modulation Methods617

Frequency Modulation Methods619

Minimum-Shift Keying622

14.2 Coherent Binary Systems(11.2，14.1)626

Optimum Binary Detection626

Coherent OOK，BPSK，and FSK631

Timing and Synchronization633

14.3 Noncoherent Binary Systems(14.2)634

Envelope of a Sinusoid Plus Bandpass Noise634

Noncoherent OOK636

Noncoherent FSK638

Differentially Coherent PSK640

14.4 Quadrature-Carrier and M-ary Systems(14.2)644

Quadrature-Carrier Systems644

M-ary PSK Systems646

M-ary QAM Systems650

Comparison of Digital Modulation Systems653

14.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation655

TCM Basics656

Hard Versus Soft Decisions664

Modems665

Chapter 15 Spread Spectrum Systems671

15.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(14.2)672

DSS Signals673

DSS Performance in the Presence of Interference676

Multiple Access678

15.2 Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum(15.1)679

FH-SS Signals680

FH-SS Performance in the Presence of Interference682

15.3 Coding(15.1)684

15.4 Synchronization(7.3)689

Acquisition689

Tracking691

15.5 Wireless Telephone Systems(15.1)692

Cellular Telephone Systems693

Personal Communication Systems693

Chapter 16 Information and Detection Theory696

16.1 Information Measure and Source Coding(12.1)699

Information Measure700

Entropy and Information Rate701

Coding for a Discrete Memoryless Channel705

Predictive Coding for Sources with Memory709

Mutual Information713

16.2 Information Transmission on Discrete Channels(16.1)713

Discrete Channel Capacity717

Coding for the Binary Symmetric Channel719

16.3 Continuous Channels and System Comparisons(16.2)722

Continuous Information722

Continuous Channel Capacity725

Ideal Communication Systems727

System Comparisons731

16.4 Signal Space735

Signals as Vectors735

The Gram-Schmidt Procedure738

16.5 Optimum Digital Detection(16.3，16.4)740

Optimum Detection and MAP Receivers741

Error Probabilities747

Signal Selection and Orthogonal Signaling751

Appendix：Circuit and System Noise(9.4)760

Circuit and Device Noise761

Amplifier Noise768

System Noise Calculations773

Cable Repeater Systems777

Tables780

T.1 Fourier Transforms780

T.2 Fourier Series782

T.3 Mathematical Relations784

T.4 The Sinc Function787

T.5 Probability Functions788

T.6 Gaussian Probabilities790

T.7 Glossary of Notation792

Solutions to Exercises794

Answers to Selected Problems825

Supplementary Reading832

References835

Index839