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1 Introduction to Communications Systems1

1．1 Introduction3

1．2 Elements of a Communication System3

1．3 Time and Frequency Domains8

1．4 Noise and Communications16

1．5 Spectrum Analysis30

2 Radio-Frequency Circults43

2．1 Introduction44

2．2 High-Frequency Effects44

2．3 Radio-Frequency Amplifiers48

2．4 Radio-Frequency Oscillators60

2．5 Mixers74

2．6 Frequency Synthesizers83

3 Amplitude Modulation101

3．1 Introduction102

3．2 Full-Carrier AM: Time Domain105

3．3 Full-Carrier AM: Frequency Domain110

3．4 Quadrature AM and AM Stereo118

3．5 Suppressed-Carrier AM120

4 Angie Modulation135

4．1Introduction136

4．2 Frequency Modulation137

4．3 Phase Modulation141

4．4 The Angle Modulation Spectrum145

4．5 FM and Noise155

4．6 FM Stereo161

4．7 FM Measurements163

5 Transmitters171

5．1 Introduction172

5．2 Transmitter Requirements172

5．3 Transmitter Topologies175

5．4 Full-Carrier AM Transmitters177

5．5 Single-Sideband Am Transmitters191

5．6 FM Transmitters200

5．7 Transmitter Power Measurements212

6 Receivers223

6．1 Introduction224

6．2 Receiver Topologies225

6．3 Receiver Characteristics230

6．4 Demodulators240

6．5 Receiver Variations252

6．6 Communications Receivers263

6．7 Transceivers266

6．8 Receiver Measurements266

7 Digital Communication279

7．1 Introduction280

7．2 Pulse Modulation286

7．3 Pulse-Code Modulation291

7．4 Delta Modulation298

7．5 Line Codes299

7．6 Time-Division Multiplexing300

7．7 Vocoders and Data Compression302

8 The Telephone System311

8．1 Introduction312

8．2 Public Switched Telephone Network312

8．3 The Local Loop315

8．4 Signals and Noise in the Telephone System322

8．5 Frequency-Division Multiplexing324

8．6 Digital Transmission328

8．7 Telephone-Network Signaling331

8．8 Digital Local Loops333

9 Data Transmission341

9．1 Introduction342

9．2 Data Coding342

9．3 Asynchronous Transmission348

9．4 Synchronous Transmission351

9．5 Error Detection and Correction354

9．6 Data Compression and Encryption359

10 Local-Area Networks367

10．1 Introduction368

10．2 Local-Area Network Topologies368

10．3 IBM Token-Ring System371

10．4 Ethernet373

10．5 Ethernet Wiring376

10．6 Broadband Networks379

10．7 LAN Software380

11 Wide-Area Networks and the Internet385

11．2 Network Structures386

11．1 Introduction386

11．3 Network Protocols388

11．4 Connecting LANs to WANs390

11．5 TCP-IP Networks392

11．6 The Internet and Intranets394

11．7 Convergence of Voice and Data Networks396

12 Digital Modulation and Modems403

12．1 Introduction404

12．2 Frequency-Shift Keying408

12．3 Phase-Shift Keying411

12．4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation412

12．5 Telephone Modems413

12．6 Modem-to-Computer Connections418

12．7 Cable Modems and Digital Subscriber Lines423

13 Multiplexing and Multiple-Access Techniques435

13．1 Introduction436

13．2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Multiple Access（FDM/FDMA）437

13．3 Time-Division Multiplexing and Multiple Access （TDM/TDMA）438

13．4 Spread-Spectrum Systems443

13．5 Code-Division Multiple Access（CDMA）448

14 Transmission Lines455

14．1 Introduction456

14．2 Electrical Model of a Transmission Line458

14．3 Step and Pulse Response of Lines459

14．4 Wave Propagation on Lines470

14．5 Transmission Line Losses482

14．6 Impedance Matching484

14．7 Transmission-Line Measurements499

15 Radio-Wave Propagation513

15．1 Introduction514

15．2 Electromagnetic Waves516

15．3 Free-Space Propagation520

15．4 Reflection, Refraction,and Diffraction527

15．5 Ground-Wave Propagation533

15．6 Ionospheric Propagation534

15．7 Line-of-Sight Propagation538

15．8 Propagation in a Mobile/Portable Environment542

15．9 Repeaters and Cellular Systems546

15．10 Other Propagation Podes552

16 Antennas561

16．2 Simple Antennas562

16．1 Introduction562

16．3 Antenna Characteristics566

16．4 Other Simple Antennas576

16．5 Antenna Matching584

16．6 Antenna Arrays587

16．7 Reflectors596

16．8 Cellular and PCS Antennas600

16．9 Test Equipment : The Anechoic Chamber607

17 Microwave Devices617

17．1 Introduction618

17．2 Waveguides618

17．3 Passive Components632

17．4 Microwave Solid-State Devices639

17．5 Microwave Tubes646

17．6 Microwave Antennas651

17．7 Radar656

18 Terrestrial Microwave Communication Systems673

18．1 Introduction674

18．2 Terminal and Repeater Siting675

18．3 Path Calculations678

18．4 Fixed Microwave Links685

18．5 Local Microwave Distribution Systems692

19 Television699

19．1 Introduction700

19．2 NTSC Analog Video Signal701

19．3 Terrestrial Analog Television Broadcasting710

19．4 Analog Television Receivers715

19．5 Cable Television727

19．6 Test Equipment and Signals732

19．7 Television Receiver Troubleshooting734

19．8 Digital and High-Definition Television736

20 Satellite Communication749

20．1 Introduction750

20．2 Satellite Orbits753

20．3 Geostationary Satellites756

20．4 Applications of Geostationary Satellites770

20．5 Satellites in Low-and Medium-Earth Orbits779

20．6 Satellite Telephone Systems Using LEO and MEO Satellites780

21 Cellular Radio791

21．1 Introdcution792

21．2 The Advanced Mobile Phone System（AMPS）793

21．3 AMPS Control System796

21．4 Security and Privacy800

21．5 Cellular Telephone Specifications and Operation801

21．6 Cell Site Equipment803

21．7 Fax and Data Communication Using Cellular Phones811

21．8 Digital Cellular Systems813

22 Personal Communication Systems825

22．1 Introduction826

22．2 Differences Between Cellular and PCS Systems827

22．3 IS-136（TDMA）PCS830

22．4 GSM832

22．5 IS-95 CDMA PCS835

22．6 Comparison of PCS Schemes843

22．7 Data Communication with PCS845

22．8 Testing Cellular Systems and PCS848

22．9 Third Generation PCS Systems850

23 Paging and Wireless Data Networking859

23．1 Introduction860

23．2 Paging and Messaging Systems860

23．3 Wireless Local-Area Networks865

23．4 Wireless Packet-Data Services875

24 Fiber Optics881

24．1 Introduction882

24．2 Optical Fiber883

24．3 Fiber-Optic Cables894

24．4 Splices and Connectors895

24．5 Optical Couplers and Switches898

24．6 Optical Emitters901

24．7 Optical Detectors908

25 Fiber-Optic Systems917

25．1 Introduction918

25．2 Basic Fiber-Optic Systems918

25．3 Repeaters and Optical Amplifiers925

25．4 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing928

25．5 Submarine Cables929

25．6 The Synchronous Optical Network （SONET）931

25．7 Fiber in Local-Area Networks933

25．8 Local Telephone Applications935

25．9 Cable-Television Applications937

25．10 Experimental Techniques938

25．11 Optical Time-Domain Refiectometry939

APPENDICES945

APPENDIX A Decibels945

A．1 Review of Logarithms ·A.2 Decibels945

APPENDIX B CB Channel Frequencies951

APPENDIX C Television Channel Frequencies952

APPENDIX D Cable-Television Frequencies953

APPENDIX E Waveguide Table955

APPENDIX F Callular and PCS Frequencies956

APPENDIX G Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems957

Index971