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Chapter Ⅰ: Acquiring Possession1

Introduction1

A. Means of Acquisition: Corpore etAnimo3

Case 1: Paul.D 41.2.3.1 （corpore et animo applied to land）4

Case 2: Cels.D 41.2.18.2 （leaving in house, showing from tower）7

Case 3: Jav.D 46.3.79 （placing in conspectu, traditio longa manu）10

Case 4: Paul.D 41.2.1.23 （agreement in presence of property； oculis et affectu）12

Case 5: Pap.D 18.1.74 （delivery of keys in front of warehouse）14

Case 6: Gai.D 41.1.9.6 （delivery of keys: another opinion）16

Case 7: Ulp.D 18.6.15 [14].16 （marking beams）17

Case 8: Gai.D 41.1.5.1 （wounded wild beast）19

Case 9: Proc.D 41.1.55 （boar caught in a snare）22

Case 10: Jav.D 41.2.51 （guard placed over a woodpile）25

Case 11: Ulp.D18.6.1.2 （wine jar marked with buyer’s seal）27

B. Special Cases: Acquisition “animo”29

a. Traditio brevi manu31

Case 12: Gai.D 41.1.9.5 （holder buys the thing）31

Case 13: Ulp.D 12.1.9.9 （depositary of money receives permission to use it）32

Case 14: Ulp.D 6.2.9.1 （pro tradita erit accipienda）35

Excursus: nemo sibi ipse causam possessionis mutare potest36

Case 15: Paul.D 41.2.3.19 and 20 （limiting the rule）37

Case 16: Paul.D 41.2.3.18 （theft by a detentor）38

b. Constitutum possessorium39

Case 17: Cels.D 41.2.18 pr.（abstract formulation）39

Case 18: Marcell.D 41.2.19 pr.（possessor rents from the owner）42

Case 19: Jav.D 41.2.21.2 （a holder precario rents from the owner）43

Case 20: Ulp.D 6.1.77 （woman gives land and leases it back）44

Case 21: Pap.D 41.2.48 （no cons ti tutum possessorium w.mere gift）45

C. Capacity to Acquire Possession46

a. Acquiring Possession and Legal Capacity48

Case 22: Paul.D 41.2.1.3 （furiosus, pupillus）48

b. Acquiring Possession through Persons-in-Power50

i. Acquiring Possession and Capacity to Own Property50

Case 23: Pap.D 41.2.49.1 （persons-in-power cannot possess）50

ii. Acquisition through One’s Slaves and Children51

Case 24: Paul.D 41.2.3.12 （principle of animo nostro, corpore alieno）51

Case 25: Paul.D 41.2.1.5 （acquisition using peculium without master’s knowledge）53

Case 26: Pap.D 41.2.44.1 （utilitatis causa iure singulari receptum）54

iii.Acquisition through bona fide serviens and through usufructuarius56

Case 27: Gai.Inst.2.94 （Possessing slave required for possessing through slave?）56

Case 28: Paul.D 41.2.1.6 （For whom does the bona fide serviens acquire?） 58 .Case 29: Pomp.D 41.1.21 pr.（With what resources does the slave acquire?）59

Case 30: Paul.D 41.2.1.8 （possession of the slave not required）60

iv.Acquisition through servus fugitivus61

Case 31: Paul.D 41.2.1.14 （controversy）61

c. Acquiring Possession through a “Representative” not in Power62

Case 32: Gai.Inst.2.95 （per extraneam personam nobis adquiri non posse）62

Case 33: Pauli sententiae 5.2.2 （acquiring by procurator utilitatis causa receptum）64

Case 34: Paul.D 41.2.1.20 （procurator, tutor, curator）65

Case 35: Callistr.D 41.1.59 （no acquisition of possession through a mandatarius）66

Case 36: Ulp.D 41.1.20.2 （quasi procurator）67

Case 37: Lab.D 41.1.65 pr.（acquisition of possession through messengers）68

Case 38: Ulp.D 47.2.14.17 （possession of a letter）69

Chapter Ⅱ: Keeping Possession and Losing Possession Introduction70

A. Voluntary Surrender of Possession72

Case 39: Paul.D 41.2.3.6 （ways of losing possession in general）72

Case 40: Paul.D 41.2.3.6 （surrendering possession solo animo）74

Case 41: Ulp.D 41.2.29 （pupillus cannot surrender possession animo）75

Case 42: Marci.D 41.1.11 （pupillus cannot transfer possession）76

Case 43: Cels.D 41.2.18.2 （losing possession by delivery to a furiosus）77

Case 44: Ulp.D 41.2.34 pr.（possession lost by mistaken intention to surrender it）78

B. Involuntary Surrender of Possession81

a. Movable Property81

Case 45: Pomp.D 41.2.25 pr.（abstract formulation）81

Case 46: Paul.D 41.2.3.13 （cow wandering off； slave running off）82

Case 47: Ulp.D 41.2.13 pr.（stones in the Tiber, servus fugitivus）83

Case 47a: Pap.D 41.2.44 pr.（buried money）84

b. Land86

i. Keeping and Losing Possession of Summer and Winter Pasturage86

Case 48: Paul.D 41.2.3.11 （general formulation）86

Case 49: Proc.D 41.2.27 （possessor becomes mad）87

Case 50: Ulp.D 43.16.1.25 （extension of the vulgo dictum to other kinds of land）88

Case 51: Pap.D 41.2.44.2-46 （symmetry principle； distinction of cases）89

ii.Keeping and Losing Possession of Other Land by Possessor in Person91

Case 52: Ulp.D 41.2.6.1 （possessor returns from market and finds interloper）91

Case 53: Pomp.D 41.2.25.2 （possession retained until failure to recover it）92

Case 54: Cels.D 41.2.18.3 and 4 （taking possession of part of a property）93

Case 55: Jav.D 41.2.22 （possession obtained in a manner that it cannot be kept）94

Excursus: Protecting Possession through Legal Process95

Case 56: Ulp.D 43.16.1.30 （relativity of possesso protection）97

Case 57: Jul.D 43.16.17 （defense and recovery of possession）99

Case 58: Pap.D 43.16.18 pr.（tenant prevents buyer from entryon land）101

Case 59: Ulp.D 43.16.1.27 （vis armata）102

iii. Keeping and Losing Possession through Others （slaves, tenants）103

Case 60: Lab.D 19.2.60.1 （retention of possession through the heir of a tenant）103

Case 61: Pomp.D 41.2.25.1 （death, madness, and subletting by the intermediary）104

Case 62: Paul.D 41.2.30.6 （chain of intermediate holders）105

Case 63: Paul.D 41.2.32.1 （renter sells and rents back）106

Case 64: Gai.D 41.2.9 （keeping possession through a guest or friend）107

Case 65: Paul.D 41.2.3.8 （slave or tenant departs）108

Case 66: Proc.D 4.3.31 （servants persuaded to surrender the property）110

Chapter Ⅲ: Acquiring Ownership and Losing Ownership111

Introduction111

A. Traditio115

Case 67: Ulp.D 41.1.20 pr.（nemo plus iuris transferre potest…）115

Case 68: Jav.D 39.5.25 （exceptio doii of the acquirer）117

Case 69: Paul.D 41.1.31 pr.（causal traditio）118

Case 70: Jul.D 41.1.36 （dissent regarding causa）120

Case 71: Ulp.D 12.1.18 pr.（dissent regarding causa）122

B. Usucapio124

a. Reversio in potestatem （interpretation of the lex Atinia）124

Case 72: Paul.D 41.3.4.6 （return to the owner, not the victim of theft）124

Case 73: Nerat.D 41.3.41 （recovery through a procurator）126

Case 74: Paul.D 41.3.4.21 （pledgor steals his own property）127

Case 75: Lab.D 41.3.49 （pledgor steals his own property: controversy）128

Case 76: Paul.D 41.3.4.10 （depositary sells and buys back）129

Case 77: Paul.D 41.3.4.12 （freedom from defect, knowledge of the reversio）130

Case 78: Paul.D 41.3.4.25 （forceful ouster and recovery）131

Case 79: Paul.D 41.2.3.13 and 14 （permissibility of usucapion without reversio）132

b. Bona fides133

Case 80: Mod.D 50.16.109 （definition）133

Case 81: Pomp.D 41.3.24 pr.（bona fides and error of law）135

Case 82: Paul.D 41.3.12 （bona fides and prohibitions of alienation）136

Case 83: Paul.D 22.6.9.4 （plus est in re quam in existimatione）137

Case 84: Pomp.D 41.3.32.1 （special understanding）138

Case 85: Jul.D 41.4.8 （controversy）139

Case 86: Paul.D 41.4.2.15 （bona fides and legal capacity）141

c. Putative Title143

Case 87: Nerat.D 41.10.5 （bona fides and putative title）143

Case 88: Pomp.D 41.10.3 （usucapion of putative title pro suo）144

Case 89: Paul.D 41.4.2.6 （pro emptore）145

Case 90: Aft.D 41.4.11 （pro emptore）146

Case 91: Ulp.D 41.3.27 （rejection of any putative title）147

Case 92: Pomp.D 41.5.1 （pro herede）148

Case 93: Paul.D 41.8.2； D 41.8.2； D 41.10.4.2 （pro legato/pro suo）149

C. Occupatio through Hunting and Fishing150

Case 94: Gai.D 41.1.1 （acquiring ＆ losing ownership of wild ＆ tamed animals）150

Case 95: Paul.D 41.2.3.14-16 （game preserve, fish-tank, pigeons, bees）156

Case 96: Ulp.D 41.1.44 （wolves steal pigs）157

D. Abandonment and Finding159

Case 97: Jav.D 41.1.58 （abandonment）159

Case 98: Ulp.D 47.2.43.8 and 9 （finding）160

E. Treasure-trove163

Case 99: Paul.D 41.1.31.1 （definition）163

Case 100: Paul.D 41.2.3.3 （historical perspective and controversy）165

Case 101: Scaev.D 6.1.67 （craftsman finds money in renovating a house）169

F. Acquiring Fruits171

Case 102: Jul.D 22.1.25.2 （loss of good faith before gathering fruits）171

Case 103: Paul.D 41.1.48.1 （bona fides in prescription and acquiring fruits）173

Case 104: Paul.D 41.2.4.19 （acquiring the wool of stolen sheep）175

G. Accession, Blending and Mixing176

a. Accession of Movables to Land176

Case 105: Gai.D 41.1.7.13 （implantatio）176

Case 106: Scaev.D 41.1.60 （movable grain-bin on another’s land）178

Case 107: Cels.D 6.1.38 （building a house on another’s land）180

Case 108: Gai.D 41.1.7.10 （tignum iunctum）183

Case 109: Jul.D 6.1.59 （one’s own materials used in another’s building）184

b. Accession of Movables to Movables186

Case 110: Gai.D 41.1.9.1 （writing and paper）186

Case 111: Gai.Inst.2.78 （painting and wood panels）188

Case 112: Paul.D 6.1.23.3 （painting and wood panels）190

Case 113: Paul.D 6.1.23.5 （welding and soldering）191

Case 114: Pomp.D 41.1.27.2 （welding）193

c. Blending （confusio） and Mixing194

Case 115: Ulp.D 6.1.5 pr.（agreed upon or unilateral mixing of grain）194

Case 116: Ulp.D 6.1.3.2 （blending of metals）195

Case 117: Ulp.D 41.1.7.8 （agreed upon inseparable mixing of fluids etc.）196

Case 118: Ulp.D 6.1.5.1 （honey and wine mixed）197

d.The Special Case of Money199

Case 119: Ulp.D 46.3.78 （mixing of one another’s money）199

H. Transformation （Specification）201

Case 120: Gai.D 41.1.7.7 （controversy and media sententia）201

Chapter Ⅳ: Protection and Limitations of Ownership205

Introduction205

A. The rei vindicatio207

a. Defendant’s Liability to Suit208

Case 121: Ulp.D 6.1.9 （possession or detention?）208

Case 122: Paul.D 6.1.27.1 （possession at litis contestatio and/or judgment）210

Case 123: Paul.D 6.1.7 （fictus possessor）212

Case 124: Gai.D 44/2/17 （legal validity）214

b. Scope of the Defendant’s Obligation of Restitution215

Case 125: Paul.D 6.1.33 （fructus percepti and percipiendi）215

Case 126: Paul.D 6.1.16.1 （liability for wrongful loss）217

Case 127: Ulp.D 6.1.15.3 （liability for accidental loss）218

Case 128: Ulp.D 6.1.17 pr.（possessor sells a slave and buyer kills him）220

Case 129: Ulp.D 6.1.37 （indemnitycation, ius tollendi）222

B. The actio publiciana and defenses223

Case 130: Pomp.D 21.3.2 （sale by non-owner）224

Case 131: Ulp.D 44.4.4.32 （sale by non-owner）226

Case 132: Ulp.D 6.2.9.4 （same property sold twice）228

Case 133: Nerat.D 19.1.31.2 （same property sold twice）231

C. The actio negatoria232

Case 134: Ulp.D 8.5.8.5 （immissions； cheese factory）232

Case 135: Alf.D 8.5.17.2 （immissions； dung heap）235

D. The interdict quod vi aut clam （interpretation of the edict）236

Case 136: Ulp.D 43.24.2.5-6； Paul.D 43.24.20.1 （vi factum）237

Case 137: Ulp.D 43.24.3.7 （clam factum）239

Case 138: Ulp.D 43.24.7.5-7 （opus in solo factum, damage）240

Case 139: Venul.D 43.24.22.1 （damage irrelevant）241

Case 140: Venul.D 43.24.22.3 （walking across）242

Case 141: Ulp.D 43.24.11 pr.（fouling water）243

Chapter Ⅴ: Servitudes244

Introduction244

A. Praedial Servitudes246

Case 142: Ulp.D 8.5.6.2 （servitus oneris ferendi）246

Case 143: Ulp.D 8.3.5.1 （vicinitas, utilitas）249

Case 144: Ulp.D 43.20.1.18 （overstepping permissible use）251

Case 145: Paul.D 8.1.8 pr.（impermissible content）252

Case 146: Cels.D 8.3.11 （confirmation through in iure cessio）253

Case 147: Gai.D 8.2.6 （loss through non-use and usucapio libertatis）254

Case 148: Pomp.D 8.2.7 （usucapio libertatis）255

B. Personal Servitudes256

a. Usufructus256

Case 149: Ulp.D 7.1.68 pr.-2； D 7.1.69 pr.（slave offspring, herds of animals）256

Case 150: Ulp.D 7.1.12.2 （use through a contract or sale）259

Case 151: Ulp.D 7.1.15.4 （standard of vir bonus）260

b. Usus261

Case 152: Ulp.D 7.8.2.1； D 7.8.4.1 （house）261

Case 153: Ulp.D 7.8.12.1 ＆ 2 （land, flock of sheep）263

Case 154: Pomp.D.7.8.22 （forest）265

Chapter Ⅵ: Secured Interests266

Introduction266

A.Creation and Extinction of Secured Interests268

a. Pignus tacitum268

Case 155: Pomp.D 20.2.7 pr.（leased rural property； fruits）268

Case 156: Nerat.D 20.2.4 pr.（rental of urban property, inducta et illata）269

Case 157: Ulp.D 20.2.3 （warehouse, inn, building site； invecta et illata）271

Case 158: Marci.D 20.2.2 （extent of the security encumbrance: rent, damage）272

Case 159: Ulp.D 43.32.1 pr.（interdictum de migrando）274

b. General Hypothecs and Pledges of Entire Property275

Case 159a: Ulp.D 20.1.6 （exceptions）275

Case 159b: Scaev.D 20.1.34 pr.＆ 2 （taberna pledged）276

c. Res aliena pignori data278

Case 160: Mod.D 20.1.22 （owner inherits from secured debtor）278

Case 161: Paul.D 13.7.41 （secured debtor inherits from owner）280

Case 161a: Ulp.D 13.7.9 pr.＆ 4 （suits on the contract）282

d. Consensual Termination of a Security Interest284

Case 162: Marc.D 20.6.8.14 （secured creditor allows debtor to sell the security）284

Case 163: Marc.D 20.6.8.15 （creditor tolerates sale by debtor）285

Case 164: Paul.D 47.2.67 （66） pr.（debtor sells against the creditor’s wishes）286

Case 165: Pomp.D 13.7.3 （creditor returns the security）287

e. Repayment of the Debt288

Case 166: Ulp.D 20.1.19 （pignoris causa indivisa est）288

f. Disposition of Security289

Case 167: Mod.D 20.5.8 （sale of security by the creditor）289

Case 168: Tryph.D 20.5.12 pr.＆ D 20.1.16.9 （creditor sells the security）290

Case 169: Ulp.D 13.7.4 （sale of security without pactum de distrahendo）293

g. Loss of Secured Property294

Case 170: Paul.D 20.1.29 （pledged house destroyed by fire）294

Case 170a: Paul.D 13.7.18.3 （forest pledged, ship built）296

B. Multiple Pledges297

a. Prior tempore potior iure297

Case 171: Gai.D 20.4.11.4 （ius offerendi et succedendi）297

Case 172: Tryph.D 20.4.20 （superfluum pledged, contract interpretation）298

Case 173: Gai.D 20.1.15.2 （contract practice and multiple pledges）300

Case 174: Afr.D 20.4.9.3 （multiple pledges, no curing）302

Case 175: Marci.D 20.4.12 pr.（actions and defenses with multiple pledges）305

Case 176: Ulp.D 20.1.10 （simultaneous multiple pledges）306

Case 177: Afr.D 20.4.9 pr.＆ 1 （rank of time-limited and conditional pledges）307

Case 178: Gai.D 20.4.11.2 （rank of conditional pledge）309

Case 178a: Paul.D 20.4.14 （multiple pledges of res aliena）310

b. Substitution311

Case 179: Paul.D 20.3.3 （principles and effects of transfering security obligation）311

Case 180: Marci.D 20.4.12.9 （transfer and succession）313

Case 181: Marci.D 20.4.12.8 （contract interpretation）315

c. Statutory Security Rights and Priority Privileges316

Case 182: Ulp.D 20.4.5 （priority privilege for loan to benefit the security）316

Case 183: Ulp.D 27.9.3 pr.（statutory security interest in favor of pupillus）317

Case 184: Antonin.C 8.14.2 （security interest of the fisc）318

Case 185: Ulp.D 49.14.28 （general pledge, seniority of fisc）319

Appendix .321

Case Analysis of Gai.D 41.1.5.1 （Case 8）321

Case Analysis of Ulp.D 41.2.13 pr.（Case 47）324

Index of Sources326

Ⅰ. Pre -Justinianic Sources326

Ⅱ.Justinianic Sources326

Ⅲ.Modern Statutes329

ABGB （Austrian Civil Code）329

BGB （German Civil Code）330

ZGB （Swiss Civil Code）331

OR （Swiss Law of Obligations）331

Code Civil （French Civil Code）331

Ⅳ.Roman Legal Maxims331

Ⅴ. Argumentational Principles and Strategies in Roman Jurists332

Translator’s Glossary of Latin Terms and Phrases333