CASES AND MATERIALS ON THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM SECOND EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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CHAPTER 1. APPLICATION OF THE LAW OF THE INTER- NATIONAL SYSTEM1

SECTION A. Application Within National Legal Systems4

1. Rules of Customary International Law Not in Con- flict with Domestic Law4

Practices of National Courts10

2. Rules of Domestic Law in Conflict with Customary International Law14

3. Rules of Domestic Law in Conflict with International Agreements23

4. Domestic Arrangements for Insuring National Ac-tion in Conformity with International Law35

Creation of Department of Foreign Affairs35

Legal Adviser to Department of Foreign Affairs36

Express Legislative Directive42

Standing Instructions to Services43

Intervention by Highest Authority47

National Apology48

SECTION B. Application in Diplomatic Practice49

SECTION C. Application in International Tribunals54

1. The International Court of Justice54

2. International Arbitration72

3. Compliance with Decisions of International Tribunals74

SECTION D. Application in the United Nations77

SECTION E. When Supreme Interests Are Jeopardized83

SECTION F. Reprise: Nature of International Law84

PART Ⅰ. ALLOCATION OF JURISDICTION IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM89

CHAPTER 2. BASES OF JURISDICTION89

SECTION A. Jurisdiction to Prescribe Rules of Law90

1. Conduct Within the Territory90

2. Conduct Outside the Territory Causing Effect With-in95

3. Conduct Affecting Governmental Interests115

4. Jurisdiction Based on Universal Interest120

SECTION B. Jurisdiction to Enforce Rules of Law122

1. Dependence of Jurisdiction to Enforce Upon Juris-diction to Prescribe122

2. Territorial Character of Jurisdiction to Enforce129

SECTION C. Extradition138

CHAPTER 3. LAW OF THE SEA145

SECTION A. Control of National Vessels146

1. Nationality of Vessels146

2. Jurisdiction Over Vessels150

SECTION B. Waters Within the Territory160

1. Baseline Separating Internal Waters From Terri-torial Sea160

2. Foreign Vessels in Internal Waters165

3. Breadth of the Territorial Sea176

4. Foreign Vessels in the Territorial Sea180

SECTION C. Waters Beyond the Territorial Sea187

1. Freedom of Navigation187

The Principle187

The Contiguous Zone191

Hot Pursuit195

Right of Approach and Visit200

Piracy201

2. The Exclusive Economic Zone203

3. Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environ-ment210

SECTION D. Allocation of the Resources of the Seabed212

1. The Continental Shelf212

2. Mineral Resources Beyond National Jurisdiction222

CHAPTER 4. LAW OF AIRSPACE， SPACE AND CELESTIAL BODIES230

SECTION A. Activities in Airspace230

1. Aerial Transit230

2. Offenses Aboard Aircraft248

3. Pollution of Airspace267

CHAPTER 4. LAW OF AIRSPACE， SPACE AND CELES-TIAL BODIES—Continued278

SECTION B. Activities in Space278

SECTION C. Celestial Bodies285

PART Ⅱ. LIMITATIONS ON THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION288

CHAPTER 5. THE IMMUNITY OF STATES288

SECTION A. Extent of the Immunity of the State288

1. Absolute and Restrictive Theories: Historical Per-spective290

Absolute Theory of Immunity290

Restrictive Theory of Immunity301

2. The Distinction Between Public and Private Acts311

3. The Distinction Between Public Acts and Commer-cial Acts324

4. Waiver of the Immunity341

SECTION B. Immunity of the Property of the State345

1. Proceedings Involving Interests of the State in Prop-erty345

2. Extent of Immunity of State Property From Attach-ment or Execution352

CHAPTER 6. THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE365

SECTION A. The Basic Court-Made Doctrine in the United States366

SECTION B. Legislative and Executive Influences on Judi-cial Application or Non-Application of the Doctrine in the United States389

SECTION C. The Scope of the Act of State Doctrine in the International System408

1. Property Localized Outside the Nationalizing State408

2. Invalidation of Title and Restitution as Remedies for Nationalization413

CHAPTER 7. RESOLUTION OF JURISDICTIONAL CON-FLICTS421

SECTION A. Multinational Taxation423

SECTION B. Visiting Foreign Forces430

SECTION C. Control of Economic Activity442

1. Jurisdictional Conflicts as to United States Antitrust443

The Principle of Section 40 of the Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States468

2. Problem as to the Reach of United States Securities Regulation476

3. Other Lines of Solution?484

PART Ⅲ. THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM488

CHAPTER 8. PROTECTION AND ALLEGIANCE488

SECTION A. Nationality: Loss of its Benefits489

Consequences of Statelessness496

SECTION B. International Criteria for State Protection499

SECTION C. Obligations of Nationality or Allegiance517

1. The Crime of Treason518

2. Taxation527

3. Compulsory Military Service535

CHAPTER 9. THE GROWTH OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY TO INDIVIDUALS545

SECTION A. Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens545

1. The Principle of Diplomatic Protection546

2. The International Minimum Standard547

SECTION B. The Human Rights Program of the United Nations573

1. Human Rights Provisions of the Charter of the Unit-ed Nations573

The Meaning of Article 56575

The Question of the Self-Executing Character of Ar-ticle 56587

2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights588

Contents of the Declaration588

The Question of the Declaration as Law589

3. The Human Rights Covenants592

4. The Helsinki Final Act596

SECTION C. Implementation of the International Law of Human Rights602

1. The Context of Implementation at the United Na-tions602

2. Vindication of an Individual's Rights606

3. International Adjudication620

4. Individual Petitions633

5. Self-Help: Asylum and Refuge638

SECTION D. The Human Rights Programs of Regional Or-ganizations642

1. The Council of Europe642

2. The Organization of American States645

SECTION E. Genocide: Borderline of State and Individual Responsibility Under International Law646

CHAPTER 10. THE GROWTH OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSI-BILITY651

SECTION A. Traditional War Crimes651

SECTION B. The Innovations of Nuremberg: Crimes Against Peace and Crimes Against Hu-manity704

SECTION C. Universal Jurisdiction and the Nuremberg Principles724

SECTION D. Defensive Use of Nuremberg Principles Un-der United States Law728

PART Ⅳ. THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM736

CHAPTER 11. THE CONCEPT OF STATEHOOD736

1. The Question of Minimum Facts737

2. The Question of the Normal Legal Consequences of Statehood737

The Territorial Element in Statehood771

CHAPTER 12. RECOGNITION OF STATES AND GOVERN-MENTS777

SECTION A. The Effect of Nonrecognition in Judicial Pro-ceedings779

1. On Actions in Domestic Courts: Standing to Sue and Right to Control State Assets779

2. On the Authority of Unrecognized Governments to Make Law803

3. Nonrecognition Distinguished from Breaking Diplo-matic Relations812

4. In International Tribunals814

SECTION B. International Legal Effects of National Rec-ognition Policies818

1. Sketches of National Policies818

2. Emerging International Law Issues Related to Rec-ognition834

3. Recognition of Belligerency and of Insurgency836

CHAPTER 13. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PROTEC-TION AND IMMUNITY841

SECTION A. Protection of Foreign Representatives841

SECTION B. Diplomatic Immunity844

1. Inviolability of Diplomatic Premises844

2. Immunity of Diplomatic Agents850

3. When Domestic Law Does Apply850

CHAPTER 13. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PROTEC-TION AND IMMUNITY—Continued868

4. Other Persons Entitled to Diplomatic Immunity868

Personal Family870

Official Family874

5. Special Missions and Heads of State or Persons of High Rank877

SECTION C. Consular Immunity878

CHAPTER 14. SOME STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS OF INTER-NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS886

SECTION A. Profile of Some International Organizations887

SECTION B. The International Civil Servant895

SECTION C. Capacities and Immunities922

PART Ⅴ. METHODS OF OPERATION IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM951

CHAPTER 15. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS: THE IN-TERNATIONAL LAW951

SECTION A. International Agreements as Bases of Legal Rights and Duties953

Jus Cogens960

SECTION B. Reservations to International Agreements967

SECTION C. Interpretation of International Agreements979

SECTION D. Problems of Performance， Succession， Breach，Suspension and Termination1004

CHAPTER 16. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS: THE LAW OF THE UNITED STATES1022

SECTION A. The Treaty Power， the Federal Legislative Power， and the Bill of Rights1022

SECTION B. Executive Agreements and the Constitution1039

1. Presidential Power1039

The President， the Senate and the House of Repre-sentatives1039

2. Agreements Under Presidential Power: Internal Law ?1048

3. Separation of Powers and the Termination of Trea-ties by the President1056

SECTION C. Problems of the Self-Executing Treaty， an American Phenomenon1068

CHAPTER 17. THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT1078

SECTION A. Trade Law1079

1. Unconditional Most Favored Nation Treatment of Trade1079

2. Departures from Unconditional Most Favored Nation Treatment1085

SECTION B. The Law of Foreign Investment1103

1. State Responsibility for Takings1104

2. Types of Economic Interests Treated as Entitled to Diplomatic Protection1131

The Requirement of Public Purpose1143

Claims for Taking of Corporate Assets1145

3. The Fundamentals of International Claims1149

Exhaustion of Remedies and Other Preconditions1152

Waiver by Private Party1160

Espousal of Claims1163

Remedies for Nationalization1174

4. Reduction of Transnational Investment Conflict1182

PART Ⅵ. THEORIES ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM1197

CHAPTER 18. PERSPECTIVES ON THE JURISPRUDEN-TIAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW1197

PART Ⅶ. THE USE OF FORCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM1230

CHAPTER 19. THE USE OF FORCE BY STATES1230

SECTION A. Evolution of Law Against Use of Force by States1230

SECTION B. The Problem of Self Defense1240

1. Missiles in Cuba1240

United States Proclamation: Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba1244

2. Preservation of Socialism in Czechoslovakia1247

3. The Claim of Collective Self-Defense in South Vietnam1253

4. Soviet Troops in Afghanistan1257

CHAPTER 19. THE USE OF FORCE BY STATES—Continued1264

SECTION C. Challenges to the Prohibition of the Use of Force1264

1. Vital National Interests1264

2. Anticipatory Self-Defense1267

3. National Liberation Movements1274

4. Rescue of Hostages1285

SECTION D. Use of State Coercion Short of Military Force1289

CHAPTER 20. THE USE OF FORCE BY THE UNITED NA-TIONS1299

SECTION A. Uniting for Peace1300

SECTION B. The United Nations Emergency Force in Egypt1303

SECTION C. The United Nations in the Congo1308

SECTION D. Use of United Nations Authority not Involv-ing Military Force1321

1. South Africa: Apartheid1321

2. Namibia (South West Africa)1330

3. Southern Rhodesia1344

Index1363