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Chapter1 Dumping and Antidumping1

1.1 Introduction and Definition1

1.2 The Evolution of Antidumping Regulation2

1.2.1 Origins of Antidumping Regulation2

1.2.2 Origins of the WTO Antidumping Agreement4

1.2.2.1 The Kennedy Round Antidumping Code5

1.2.2.2 The Tokyo Round Antidumping Code5

1.3 Recent Developments in Antidumping Activity7

1.4 Why Do Firms Dump？8

1.4.1 Dumping for Business Reasons8

1.4.1.1 Sporadic （Over-Capacity） Dumping8

1.4.1.2 Meeting the Competition9

1.4.1.3 Price Discrimination to Increase Profits9

1.4.1.4 Miscellaneous10

1.4.2 Strategic Dumping10

1.4.2.1 Dumping to Gain or Increase Market Share10

1.4.2.2 Predatory Dumping11

1.4.3 Continuity of Dumping12

1.5 The Antidumping Dilemma13

1.5.1 Proponents of Antidumping13

1.5.2 Opponents of Antidumping15

1.5.3 Antidumping as an Import Control Tool16

Chapter2 The WTO Antidumping Law21

2.1 Key Elements of Dumping Determination21

2.2 Determination of Dumping21

2.2.1 Normal Value22

2.2.1.1 The Price of the “Like Product” in the“Ordinary Course of Trade”22

2.2.1.1.1 Like Product22

2.2.1.1.2 Ordinary Course of Trade23

2.2.1.2 Constructed Normal Value24

2.2.2 Export Price25

2.2.3 Fair Comparison of Normal Value and Export Price25

2.2.3.1 The Issue of Zeroing27

2.2.3.2 Exchange Rates32

2.2.3.3 Start-Up Costs32

2.3 Determination of Injury33

2.3.1 Material Injury33

2.3.2 Threat of Material Injury34

2.3.3 Material Retardation of the Establishment of a Domestic Industry35

2.3.4 Cumulation35

2.4 Determination of Causal Link36

2.5 Definition of Domestic Industry37

2.5.1 Related Domestic Producers37

2.5.2 Regional Domestic Industry38

2.6 Initiation and Subsequent Investigation38

2.6.1 On Behalf of an Industry40

2.6.2 On the Initiative of Investigating Authorities40

2.6.3 Notification of the Government Concerned40

2.6.4 Simultaneous Consideration of Dumping and Injury41

2.6.5 De Minimis Margins and Negligible Imports41

2.6.7 Time Limits41

2.7 Evidence42

2.7.1 Confidential Information42

2.7.2 On-the-Spot Investigations43

2.7.3 Facts Available43

2.7.4 Disclosure of Essential Facts44

2.7.5 Sampling45

2.7.6 Industrial Users and Consumers45

2.8 Remedies45

2.8.1 Provisional Measures46

2.8.2 Price Undertakings46

2.8.3 Definitive Measures47

2.8.4 Retroactivity50

2.8.5 Duration and Review51

2.9 Public Notice52

2.10 Judicial Review53

2.11 Antidumping Action on Behalf of a Third Count53

2.12 Special Provisions for Developing Countries54

2.13 Committee on Antidumping Practices55

2.14 Dispute Settlement56

Chapter 3 The Egyptian Antidumping Experience： Iron and Steel59

3.1 History of Antidumping Regulation in Egypt59

3.2 The Current Egyptian Antidumping System60

3.2.1 Initiation and Subsequent Investigation60

3.2.2 Dumping63

3.2.3 Determination of Injury64

3.2.4 Remedies66

3.2.4.1 Provisional Measures66

3.2.4.2 Final Measures66

3.2.4.3 Price Undertakings67

3.2.4.4 Retroactivity67

3.2.4.5 Duration and Review68

3.2.5 Judicial Review68

3.2.6 Public Interest69

3.3 Antidumping Activity in Egypt69

3.4 Internal Cases Involving the Iron and Steel Industry69

3.4.1 Steel Rebar from Romania， Ukraine and Latvia69

3.4.2 Steel Rebar from Turkey74

3.4.3 Pipe Fittings from China87

3.4.4 Comment on Cases Involving the Iron and Steel Industry in Egypt89

3.5 External Cases against Egyptian Exports91

3.5.1 Cases in the United States91

3.5.2 Cases Brought by the European Commission95

Chapter 4 The Indian Antidumping Experience： Iron and Steel99

4.1 History of Antidumping Regulation in India99

4.2 The Current Indian Antidumping System100

4.2.1 Like Product100

4.2.2 Constructed Normal Value101

4.2.3 Injury Margin101

4.2.4 Nonmarket Economies102

4.2.5 Injury Determination103

4.2.6 Imposition of Final Duties103

4.2.7 Lesser Duty Rule104

4.2.8 Price Undertakings104

4.2.9 Public Interest Clause104

4.2.10 Period of Investigation104

4.2.11 Time Limits105

4.2.12 Appeal105

4.2.13 Refund of Antidumping Duties105

4.3 Antidumping Activity in India106

4.4 Internal Cases Involving the Iron and Steel Industry107

4.4.1 Hot-Rolled Coils/Sheets/Plates/Strips from Russia，Ukraine and Kazakhstan107

4.4.2 Cold-Rolled Flat Products of Stainless Steel from the European Union， Japan， Canada and the United States109

4.4.3 Hardened Forged Steel Rolls from Russia，Ukraine and Korea RP117

4.5 External Cases against Indian Exports123

4.5.1 Cases in the United States123

4.5.1.1 United States Antidumping and Countervailing Measures on Steel Plate from India123

4.5.1.2 Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate from Inter Alia India131

4.5.1.3 Forged Stainless Steel from India and Taiwan134

4.5.2 Cases Brought by the European Commission138

4.5.2.1 Stainless Steel Fasteners from Inter Alia India138

4.5.2.2 Steel Ropes and Cables from Inter Alia India142

Chapter 5 Internal Price Discrimination Law145

5.1 Introduction145

5.2 United States Price-Discrimination Law145

5.2.1 Background145

5.2.2 The Robinson-Patman Act Analyzed146

5.2.3 Primary-Line Cases149

5.2.4 Defenses150

5.2.4.1 Meeting the Competition Defense150

5.2.4.2 Cost Justification Defense151

5.2.4.3 Functional Availability152

5.3 United States Predatory-Pricing Law152

5.4 European Community Price-Discrimination and Predatory-Pricing Law154

5.4.1 The Concept of Dominance155

5.4.1.1 Definition of the Relevant Product Market156

5.4.1.2 Demand-Side Substitutability156

5.4.1.3 Supply-Side Substitutability157

5.4.1.4 Relevant Geographic Market158

5.4.1.5 Market Share Analysis159

5.4.1.6 Competitive Constraints160

5.4.1.7 Collective or Joint Dominance160

5.4.2 Abuse of a Dominant Position160

5.4.3 Price Discrimination162

5.4.4 Predatory Pricing163

5.5 Antidumping Law versus Competition Law165

Chapter 6 Economies of Scale as Barriers to Effective Competition167

6.1 Introduction167

6.2 Individual Freedom versus Protection of the Market as an Institution167

6.3 Market Power169

6.4 Barriers to Entry171

6.5 Abuse of Market Power175

6.6 Antidumping Revisited187

6.7 Conclusion191

References195

Index203