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1 A Security Culture1

A.A Risk-Based Approach1

B.The ICAO Response2

Ⅰ.The ICAO High-Level Ministerial Conference2

Ⅱ.Post Conference Work7

C.Emerging Threats9

Ⅰ.Probability9

Ⅱ.Reacting to Probability10

Ⅲ.Deterrence13

Ⅳ.Problems of Deterrence14

Ⅴ.Threat Assessment in ICAO16

Ⅵ.The AVSEC Panel19

Ⅶ.Bioterrorism21

Ⅷ.Cyber-Terrorism24

Ⅸ.MANPADS25

Ⅹ.The Diverse Nature of Missile Attacks29

ⅩⅠ.Installation of an Anti-missile System32

ⅩⅡ.The Perimeter Guard32

ⅩⅢ.International Accord33

ⅩⅣ.Other Current Threats36

References36

2 Principles of Responsibility39

A.State Responsibility39

Ⅰ.Principles of State Responsibility42

Ⅱ.The Theory of Complicity42

Ⅲ.Mechanisms for Extradition of Offenders:The Lockerbie Case43

Ⅳ.The Condonation Theory48

Ⅴ.The Role of Knowledge51

Ⅵ.Profiling of Passengers54

Ⅶ.Airport Profiling55

Ⅷ.Profiling and the Right of Privacy58

B.Other Aspects of Responsibility61

Ⅰ.Prelude to the Rome Convention of 195261

Ⅱ.The Rome Convention of 195266

C.The Rome Convention of 195270

Ⅰ.Background70

Ⅱ.Insurance71

Ⅲ.Provisions of the Convention77

Ⅳ.The Montreal Protocol of 197880

Ⅴ.Modernizing the Rome Convention81

References91

3 Initiatives of the Early Twenty-first Century93

A.The Two Liability Conventions93

Ⅰ.The General Risks Convention93

Ⅱ.The Unlawful Interference Compensation Convention96

B.Innovative Security Tools98

Ⅰ.Biometric Identification109

Ⅱ.Public Key Directory109

C.Advance Passenger Information121

D.The Passenger Name Record122

Ⅰ.Definition and Application of PNR123

Ⅱ.The Importance of PNR Data to States125

Ⅲ.Advantages of Unified Guidelines126

Ⅳ.Advance Passenger Information Guidelines138

Ⅴ.Contracting States' Positions140

E.Machine Readable Travel Documents151

Ⅰ.Some Problem Areas156

F.Unmanned Aerial Vehicles157

Ⅰ.Legal and Regulatory Issues162

Ⅱ.Operations Over the High Seas163

Ⅲ.Air Traffic Services166

Ⅳ.UAVs as State Aircraft168

References174

4 Narco-terrorism177

A.Introduction177

B.United Nations Initiatives179

Ⅰ.The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances186

Ⅱ.Some Recent Efforts of the United Nations187

C.ICAO Initiatives189

Ⅰ.Basic Principles of Aeronautics on International Narcotic Control189

D.Other Regulatory Provisions198

Ⅰ.Article 4 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation198

Ⅱ.Article 3 bis199

Ⅲ.Other Legal Aspects201

Ⅳ.ICAO Assembly Resolution A 27-12202

References204

5 The Unlawful Interference Conventions205

A.United Nations General Assembly Resolutions on Unlawful Interference with Civil Aviation205

B.International Conventions210

Ⅰ.Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism(1937)210

Ⅱ.Convention on International Civil Aviation(Chicago Convention of 1944)210

Ⅲ.United Nations Charter212

Ⅳ.The Geneva Convention on the High Seas(1958)213

C.Concerted Action Under the Auspice of the International Civil Aviation Organization:The Tokyo Convention(1963)217

Ⅰ.The Powers Given to Aircraft Commander and Others in Order to Combat Hijackings221

Ⅱ.Jurisdiction to Punish the Terrorists223

Ⅲ.Powers and Duties of States224

Ⅳ.Extradition225

Ⅴ.Responsibilities of States226

Ⅵ.An Answer?228

D.The Hague Convention on Hijacking 1970230

Ⅰ.The Scope of the Convention231

Ⅱ.Powers and Duties Imposed Upon States in Order to Combat Hijacking232

Ⅲ.Other Provisions236

E.The Montreal Convention(1971)237

Ⅰ.Definition of In Service237

Ⅱ.Definition of the Offence238

Ⅲ.Penalties and the Scope of the Convention241

Ⅳ.Jurisdictional Powers Given to States Under the Montreal Convention(1971)242

F.The Bonn Declaration246

Ⅰ.The Legal Status of the Bonn Declaration247

Ⅱ.Incompatibility of the Declaration with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties249

Ⅲ.The Incompatibility of the Declaration with the Convention on International Civil Aviation(Chicago Convention 1944)and the International Air Services Transit Agreement250

Ⅳ.Problem of Prosecution or Extradition252

G.A New Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection253

Ⅰ.Scope of the Convention255

Ⅱ.Obligations of States257

Ⅲ.Technical Annex258

Ⅳ.International Explosives Technical Commission260

Ⅴ.Final Clauses and Final Act261

References262

6 Aviation Security Audits265

A.Security Oversight268

B.The Role of the ICAO Council270

References276

7 Conclusion277

Index281