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CHAPTER 1GENERAL INTRODUCTION5

CHAPTER 2THE UN CONVENTION ON THE USE OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS20057

Ⅰ.Introduction7

1.）Historical development of the Electronic Contracting Convention7

2.）The goal of the Convention10

3.）Core principles11

4.）Status of ratification12

Ⅱ.Scope of application of the Electronic Contracting Convention12

1.）Positive determination of the scope of application12

a.）Electronic communication in connection with formation and perform-ance of a contract12

b.）International contracts13

c.）Place of business14

aa.）Determination of the place of business14

bb.）No indication by virtual location16

cc.）No obligation to disclosure of location17

d.）Question of autonomous applicability18

2.）Exclusions of scope of application20

a.）Consumer contracts20

b.）Transactions in certain financial markets20

c.）Bill of Exchange，promissory and consignment notes，bill of lading，warehouse receipts or any transferable documents or instruments that entitle the bearer or beneficiary to claim delivery of goods or payment of money21

3.） Declaration limiting the scope of application by contracting states21

4.） Extension of the scope of application23

Ⅲ.Key provisions： Use of electronic communications in international contracts24

1.） Treatment of electronic communication and contracts24

a.） Validity of electronic contracts： Article825

b.） Websites as invitations to make offers： Article 1126

c.） Use of automated message systems for contract formation： Article1229

d.） Contract terms： Article 1331

e.） Electronic mistake： Article1433

2.） Form requirements36

a.） Freedom of form：Article9（1）37

b.） Requirement of writing：Article9（2）38

c.） Requirement of signature：Article9（3）38

d.） Requirement of originality：Article 9（4）and（5）40

3.） Contract formation； Time and place of dispatch and receipt of electronic communications： Article 1042

a.） Formation of contract42

b.） Time of dispatch of electronic communications44

c.） Time of receipt of electronic communications45

d.） Place of dispatch and receipt of electronic communications47

Ⅳ. General provisions48

1.） Party autonomy： Article348

2.） Interpretation： Article549

Ⅴ.Assessment of the success and importance of the Convention on Electronic Contracting for Trade50

1.）Success in reaching goals50

2.）Importance for international trade53

CHAPTER 3 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE UNDER THE UN CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS （CISG）54

Ⅰ. Application of CISG to electronic communications54

1.）‘Contracts of sale of goods’ in terms of article1（1）CISG55

a.）Standard software56

aa.）Purchase of standard software by ‘offline contract’on a data medium56

bb.） Download of standard software57

b.）Custom-made software58

c.）Software licence agreements59

d.）Online databases60

e.）Conclusion60

2.）Place of business in different States61

Ⅱ.Electronic contracts under the CISG63

1.）Treatment of electronic contracts63

a.）Validity of electronic contracts63

b.）Treatment of websites64

c.）Automated data systems65

d.）Errors in electronic contracts66

e.）Contract terms67

2.）Form requirements69

a.）Freedom of form： Article 11 CISG69

b.）Requirement of writing70

aa.）Electronic communications stored and retrievable71

bb.）Electronic communications not stored by the addressee72

c.）Declaration under articles 96， 12 CISG73

d.）Requirement of signature74

e.）Requirement of originality75

3.）Contract formation；Time and place of contracting75

a.）Formation of contract75

b.）Time of dispatch of electronic communications75

c.）Time of receipt of electronic communications77

aa.）Oral communications77

bb.）Communications made by other means’78

cc.）Prevention from receipt of electronic communications79

dd.）Allocation of risks； Burden of proof80

d.）Place of dispatch and receipt of electronic communications81

4.）Performance by electronic means81

a.）Online performance of the seller’s obligations81

b.）Online performance of the buyer’s obligation82

5.）Remedies for breach of contract83

Ⅲ.Results concerning electronic communication under the CISG83

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL CONCLUSION84

BIBLIOGRAPHY86