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Chapter 1 Introduction2

Definition and Scope of Forensic Science4

History and Development of Forensic Science6

Crime Laboratories14

The Functions of the Forensic Scientist23

Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet32

Chapter Review34

Review Questions35

Application and Critical Thinking38

Endnotes40

Chapter 2 The Crime Scene42

Physical Evidence and the Crime Scene44

Preserving and Recording the Crime Scene45

Dealing with Physical Evidence52

The Murder Scene: Death and Autopsies61

Chapter Review76

Quick Lab: Crime-Scene Sketch77

Quick Lab: Anthropometric Activity77

Review Questions78

Application and Critical Thinking80

Chapter 3 Physical Evidence82

Common Types of Physical Evidence84

The Examination of Physical Evidence86

The Significance of Physical Evidence91

Forensic Databases95

Chapter Review102

Review Questions103

Application and Critical Thinking104

Endnotes105

Chapter 4 Properties of Matter and the Analysis of Glass106

Properties of Matter108

The Nature of Matter111

Theory of Light116

Physical Properties of Matter120

Forensic Analysis of Glass127

Chapter Review140

Quick Lab: Glass and Density141

Review Questions142

Application and Critical Thinking144

Endnotes146

Chapter 5 Drugs148

Drug Dependence151

Types of Drugs155

Drug-Control Laws170

Forensic Drug Analysis174

Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence195

Chapter Review196

Quick Lab: Chromatography197

Quick Lab: Drug Screening Test198

Quick Lab: What Is the White Powder?199

Review Questions200

Application and Critical Thinking202

Endnotes205

Chapter 6 Forensic Toxicology206

The Role of Forensic Toxicology208

Toxicology of Alcohol209

Testing for Intoxication215

The Analysis of Blood for Alcohol225

Alcohol and the Law227

The Role of the Toxicologist230

Chapter Review246

Quick Lab: pH Test247

Review Questions248

Application and Critical Thinking250

Endnotes252

Chapter 7 The Microscope254

Basics of the Microscope256

The Compound Microscope258

The Comparison Microscope261

The Stereoscopic Microscope263

The Polarizing Microscope265

The Microspectrophotometer266

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 269

Chapter Review276

Quick Lab: Focusing the Microscope277

Quick Lab: Creating Wet-Mount Slides278

Review Questions279

Application and Critical Thinking281

Chapter 8 Forensic Serology282

The Nature of Blood285

Immunoassay Techniques289

Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains293

Principles of Heredity298

Forensic Characterization of Semen302

Collection of Rape Evidence306

Chapter Review314

Quick Lab: Blood Typing315

Quick Lab: Luminol Test316

Review Questions317

Application and Critical Thinking319

Endnotes323

Chapter 9 DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool324

Understanding DNA326

Replicaiton of DNA331

DNA Typing with Tandem Repeats336

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)344

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)346

Mitochondrial DNA353

The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)356

Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis357

Chapter Review366

Quick Lab: Buccal Swab368

Review Questions370

Application and Critical Thinking370

Endnotes373

Chapter 10 Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis374

Crime-Scene Reconstruction376

General Features of Bloodstain Formation378

Impact Bloodstain Spatter Patterns383

More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns387

Other Bloodstain Patterns392

Chapter Review402

Quick Lab: Blood Drop Analysis404

Quick Lab: Blood Spatter Analysis405

Review Questions406

Application and Critical Thinking409

Chapter 11 Trace Evidence Ⅰ: Hairs and Fibers410

Forensic Examination of Hair412

Forensic Examination of Fibers423

Chapter Review438

Review Questions439

Application and Critical Thinking441

Endnotes443

Chapter 12 Trace Evidence Ⅱ: Metals, Paint, and Soil444

Forensic Analysis of Metals446

Forensic Examination of Paint455

Forensic Analysis of Soil469

Chapter Review476

Review Questions477

Application and Critical Thinking478

Endnotes479

Chapter 13 Forensic Aspects of Fire Investigation480

Forensic Investigation of Arson482

The Chemistry of Fire482

Searching the Fire Scene492

Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence495

Analysis of Flammable Residues497

Chapter Review502

Review Questions503

Application and Critial Thinking505

Endnotes507

Chapter 14 Forensic Investigation of Explosions508

Explosions and Explosives510

Collection and Analysis of Evidence of Explosives518

Chapter Review528

Review Questions529

Application and Critical Thinking530

Endnotes531

Chapter 14 Fingerprints532

History of Fingerprinting534

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints537

Classification of Fingerprints543

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems544

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints548

Preservation of Developed Prints559

Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement560

Chapter Review564

Review Questions565

Quick Lab: Fingerprinting566

Application and Critical Thinking568

Endnotes571

Chapter 16 Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions572

Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons574

Automated Firearms Search Systems583

Gunpowder Residues587

Primer Residues on the Hands591

Serial Number Restoration597

Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence598

Tool Marks600

Other Impressions603

Chapter Review616

Review Questions617

Quick Lab: Toolmarks618

Application and Critical Thinking620

Endnotes621

Chapter 17 Document Examination622

The Document Examiner624

Handwriting Comparisons624

Typescript Comparisons631

Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations634

Other Document Problems641

Chapter Review646

Review Questions647

Quick Lab: Handwriting Comparison648

Application and Critical Thinking650

Endnotes651

Chapter 18 Computer Forensics652

From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work?655

Putting It All Together658

Sorting and Retrieving Data659

Processing the Electronic Crime Scene662

Analysis of Electronic Data667

Forensic Analysis of lnternet Data674

Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications677

Chapter Review682

Review Questions684

Application and Critical Thinking686

Endnotes687

Chapter 19 Careers in Forensic Science689

Disciplines in Forensic Science690

College Courses in Forensic Science695

Appendix Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence—FBI699

Index716

Photo Credits732