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Part One Foundations of Nutrition3

Chapter 1 The Study of Nutrition3

A World View of Nutrition and Health5

Population Expansion and Food Supply5

Major U.S.Health Problems6

The Team Approach to Health Care8

Changing Concepts of Health and Disease8

Human Values8

Social Influences9

Effects of Change on Health Care Practices11

The Study of Nutrition in Education for the Health Professions13

Plan of Study13

Tools for Study15

Results of this Approach to the Study of Nutrition16

To Sum Up17

Questions for Review17

Issues and Answers If You’re Not Healthy，It’s Your Own Fault！19

Chapter 2 Carbohydrates21

The Nature of Carbohydrates23

Definition23

Classification24

Dietary Fiber29

Types of Fiber30

Physiologic Effects32

Current Research and Popular Practices32

Dietary Recommendations34

Functions of Carbohydrate34

Energy34

Special Functions of Carbohydrates in Body Tissues35

Digestion of Carbohydrate36

Mouth36

Stomach36

Small Intestine36

Absorption of Carbohydrate37

Metabolism of Carbohydrate37

To Sum Up40

Questions for Review40

Issues and Answers The Sugar Phobia Syndrome42

Issues and Answers Inequality of Carbohydrates：The Glycemic Index45

Issues and Answers Hypoglycemia48

Chapter 3 Lipids51

Health Needs for Fat53

Body Fats53

Food Fats53

Health Problems with Fat53

The Nature of Lipids54

Fatty Acids54

Triglycerides59

Common Chemical Reactions of Fats62

Cholesterol64

Compound Lipids66

Lipoproteins67

Digestion of Fats68

Mechanical Digestion68

Chemical Digestion68

Absorption of Fats，69

Initial Fat Absorption69

Second Stage of Fat Absorption Within the Intestinal Wall70

Final Absorption and Transport of Fat70

To Sum Up71

Questions for Review71

Issues and Answers The Dietary Fat Controversy73

Chapter 4 Proteins77

The Nature of Amino Acids79

General Pattern and Specific Structures79

The Building of Proteins82

Peptide Linkage82

Arrangement of Peptide Chains83

Types of Protein83

Functions of Protein85

Growth and Tissue Maintenance85

Specific Physiologic Roles85

Available Energy85

Digestion of Protein86

Mechanical Digestion86

Chemical Digestion86

Absorption of Protein87

Active Transport System87

Pyridoxine（Vitamin B6）Cofactor87

Competition for Absorption88

Absorption of Peptides and Whole Proteins88

Metabolism of Protein88

The Concept of Balance88

Protein Requirements90

Function of Dietary Protein90

Metabolism of Protein and Amino Acids90

Digestibility Factor91

Other Factors Affecting Requirement91

Measure of Protein Requirements92

To Sum Up96

Questions For Review96

Issues and Answers The Vegetarian Revolution98

Chapter 5 Energy Balance101

Energy and Metabolism103

The Concept of Change103

Measurement of Energy103

The Human Energy System104

Energy Cycle104

Energy Balance：Input and Ouptut105

Energy Control in Human Metabolism105

Controlled Energy System：Chemical Bonding105

Controlled Reaction Rates106

Types of Metabolic Reaction107

Energy Expenditure108

Basal Metabolic Needs108

Food Intake Effect111

Physical Activity Needs111

Total Energy Requirements111

To Sum Up114

Questions for Review114

Issues and Answers Energy Balance Studies and International Food Policy116

Chapter 6 Fat-Soluble Vitamins117

Vitamin A119

Chemical and Physical Nature119

Absorption119

Physiologic Functions121

Vitamin A Requirement123

Food Sources of Vitamin A124

Vitamin D124

Chemical and Physical Nature124

Absorption124

Synthesis124

Physiologic Functions125

Vitamin D Requirement126

Food Sources of Vitamin D127

Vitamin E127

Chemical and Physical Nature127

Absorption130

Physiologic Functions130

Vitamin E Requirement130

Food Sources of Vitamin E130

Vitamin K130

Chemical and Physical Nature130

Absorption131

Physiologic Function131

Vitamin K Requirement133

Food Sources of Vitamin K133

To Sum Up134

Questions for Review134

Issues and Answers Vitamin A Megadoses：Boon or Bust？136

Chapter 7 Water-Soluble Vitamins137

Thiamin139

Physiologic Function：Coenzyme Function140

Clinical Effects of Thiamin Deficiency140

Thiamin Requirement140

Food Sources of Thiamin141

Riboflavin141

Physiologic Functions141

Clinical Effects of Riboflavin Deficiency141

Riboflavin Requirement142

Food Sources of Riboflavin142

Niacin142

Physiologic Functions142

Clinical Effects of Niacin Deficiency143

Niacin Requirement143

Food Sources of Niacin143

Pyridoxine（B6）143

Physiologic Functions144

Clinical Effects of Pyridoxine Deficiency144

Pyridoxine Requirement145

Food Sources of Pyridoxine145

Pantothenic Acid145

Physiologic Functions145

Pantothenic Acid Requirement147

Food Sources of Pantothenic Acid147

Biotin147

Physiologic Functions148

Biotin Requirement148

Food Sources of Biotin148

Folic Acid148

Physiologic Functions148

Clinical Problems149

Folic Acid Requirement149

Food Sources of Folic Acid149

Cobalamin（B12）149

Physiologic Functions150

Clinical Problems150

Cobalamin Requirement150

Food Sources of Cobalamin151

Ascorbic Acid（Vitamin C）152

Physiologic Functions152

Clinical Problems155

Vitamin C Requirement156

Food Sources of Vitamin C156

Related Factors157

Lipoic Acid157

Choline157

Bioflavonoids157

To Sum Up158

Questions for Review158

Issues and Answers Vitamin C：Wonder Drug of the ’80s？160

Chapter 8 Minerals163

Major Minerals165

Calcium165

Phosphorus172

Magnesium174

Sodium175

Potassium176

Chlorine（Chloride）178

Sulfur182

Trace Elements183

The Concept of Essentiality183

Essential Function183

Deficiency and Requirement185

Iron186

Iodine190

Zinc193

Copper196

Manganese198

Chromium199

Cobalt200

Selenium200

Molybdenum201

Fluorine202

Probable Essentiality203

Silicon203

Vanadium203

Nickel204

Tin204

Cadmium204

Arsenic206

Aluminum206

Boron206

To Sum Up207

Questions for Review207

Issues and Answers Guidelines for Trace Element Supplementation209

Chapter 9 Water and Electrolytes213

Water-Electrolyte Balance215

Body Water Distribution215

Overall Water Balance：Intake and Output215

Forces Influencing Water Distribution217

Electrolytes in Water Balance220

Gastrointestinal Circulation225

Renal Circulation226

Clinical Problems228

Acid-Base Buffer System230

Acids and Bases230

Buffers232

Roles of the Lungs and Kidneys233

Acidosis and Alkalosis234

To Sum Up237

Questions for Review237

Issues and Answers Principles of Oral Rehydration Therapy239

Chapter 10 Digestion，Absorption，and Metabolism241

Digestion243

Basic Principles of Digestion243

Digestion in the Mouth and Esophagus244

Digestion in the Stomach246

Digestion in the Small Intestine247

Absorption252

Absorption in the Small Intestine252

Absorption in the Large Intestine（colon）254

Metabolism257

Carbohydrate Metabolism257

Lipid Metabolism261

Metabolism of Cholesterol262

Protein Metabolism263

Interrelationships267

To Sum Up268

Questions for Review268

Issues and AnswersLactose Intolerance：A Case Against Milk Subsidy Programs？269

Part Two Applied Nutrition in Community HealthChapter 11 Food Habits：Personal Beliefs and Social Influences273

Cultural Influences275

Concept of Culture275

Food in a Culture275

Social Influences276

Concept of Social Organization276

Food and Social Factors277

Psychologic Influences277

Social Psychology：Understanding Dietary Patterns277

Food and Psychologic Factors277

Current Confusions Influencing Food Habits278

Food Misinformation278

Food Faddist Claims280

Dangers of Food Fads280

Groups Vulnerable to Food Faddism281

What is the Answer？281

Food Safety282

Control Agencies285

Changes in Food Habits288

Determinants of Food Choice288

Westernization in the Third World289

Recent Immigrants290

Changes in American Food Patterns293

To Sum Up296

Questions for Review296

Issues and AnswersProposed Changes in FDA Regulations：The Hatch Bill299

Chapter 12 Family Nutrition Counseling and Education：Food Needs and Costs301

Family Nutrition Counseling303

Focus：Personal Needs and Goals303

Methods：Nutrition History and Analysis303

Plan of Care303

The Teaching-Learning Process304

Aspects of Human Personality Involved in Learning304

Principles of Learning305

Nutrition Counseling in the Health Care Facility307

Instructor Qualifications310

Food Assistance Programs311

Commodity Distribution Program311

Food Stamp Program312

Child Nutrition Programs313

Nutrition Program for Elderly Persons315

Food Buying Guides316

USDA Food Plans316

Family Food Costs317

The Best Food Buys319

Additional Resources322

To Sum Up323

Questions for Review323

Issues and Answers Person-Centered Diabetes Education324

Chapter 13 Nutritional Deficiency Diseases327

Malnutrition：World Health Problem329

Hungry People：The Extent of Malnutrition329

The Ecology of Malnutrition330

Force of Interrelated Factors330

Malnutrition Syndromes331

Protein-Energy Malnutrition（PEM）331

Nutritional Anemias335

Hypovitaminosis A338

Endemic Goiter339

Other Vitamin Defiency Diseases340

Other Mineral Defiency Diseases344

Methods of Combating Malnutrition346

Requirements for Solution of the Malnutrition Problem346

To Sum Up347

Questions for Review347

Case Study The Story of Kokumo349

Issues and Answers The Far-Reaching Personal and Social Functional Consequences of Malnutrition350

Part Three Nutrition in Health Care Throughout the Life Cycle355

Chapter 14 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation355

Nutrition and the Outcome of Pregnancy357

Background for Change357

Determinants of Nutritional Needs357

Basic Concepts Involved357

Maternal Nutrition358

Physiology of Gestation358

Maternal Nutrient Needs363

Dietary Patterns：General and Alternative366

General Dietary Problems367

Functional Gastrointestinal Problems367

Weight Gain During Pregnancy367

High-Risk Mothers and Infants370

Complications of Pregnancy371

Anemia371

Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension（PIH）372

Clinical Conditions373

Nutrition During Lactation374

Nutritional Needs375

To Sum Up380

Questions for Review380

Case Study A Baby for the Delgados382

Issues and Answers Drug Use and the Outcome of Pregnancy383

Chapter 15 Nutrition for Growth and Development：Infancy，Childhood，and Adolescence385

Growth and Development387

Normal Life Cycle Growth Pattern387

Physical Growth387

Mental and Psychosocial Growth388

Nutritional Requirements389

Energy Needs389

Protein389

Water389

Minerals and Vitamins389

Age-group Needs391

The Stages of Human Growth391

Infancy：Birth to 1 Year392

Childhood400

Adolescence：12 to 18 Years406

To Sum Up410

Questions for Review410

Case Study A Nutrition Education Program for Adolescents412

Issues and Answers Feeding the Premature Infant413

Chapter 16 Nutrition for the Aging and the Aged417

Aging in America419

Psychosocial Development in Adulthood419

Socioeconomic and Psychologic Factors419

The Aging Process422

Biologic Changes422

Individuality of the Aging Process422

Nutritional Needs423

Energy423

Protein424

Vitamins424

Minerals425

The Question of Nutrient Supplementation425

Clinical Needs425

Malnutrition425

Weight Management426

Community Resources427

Government Programs for Older Americans427

Professional Organizations and Resources428

To Sum Up429

Questions for Review429

Case Study The Patient With Congestive Heart Failure430

Issues and Answers Can We Eat to Live Forever？431

Chapter 17 Nutrition and Physical Fitness433

Energy Sources for Physical Activity435

Muscle Action435

Fuel Sources for Muscle Action436

Oxygen Use and Physical Capacity437

Diet and Exercise439

General Nutrient Needs439

Exercise and Energy442

Nutrition and Athletic Performance442

Athletes and Coaches：A Vulnerable Group442

Hvdration：Water and Electrolytes443

Building a Personal Exercise Program445

Health Benefits445

Assessment of Condition and Exercise Needs445

Types of Physical Activity446

Preparation for Exercise447

To Sum Up448

Questions for Review448

Issues and Answers The Winning Edge—Or Over the Edge？450

Chapter 18 Nutrition and Weight Management453

Body Composition：Fatness and Leanness455

Meanings and Methods455

Obesity and Health456

Social Images：Fear of Fatness457

Thinness457

Fatness458

Effects of Thin-Fat Images458

Physical Fitness：A New Health Image458

The Problem of Weight Management460

Individual Variances460

Extreme Approaches460

Etiology of Obesity461

Some Possible Answers and a Dilemma465

The Set-Point Theory465

Genetic Evolution466

How to Change the Set-Point466

The Health Model：A Positive，Personal Approach467

General Components467

Behavioral Aspects469

Principles of a Sound Food Plan469

Preventive Approach474

To Sum Up475

Questions for Review475

Case Study The Obese Patient With Hypertension477

Issues and Answers The Use and Abuse of Height-Weight Tables479

Part Four Nutrition and Clinical Care485

Chapter 19 Nutritional Assessment and Therapy in Patient Care485

The Therapeutic Process487

Focus of Care487

Phases of the Care Process487

Nutritional Assessment488

Anthropometric Measures488

Biochemical Tests492

Clinical Observations493

Diet Evaluation495

Analysis and Initial Planning496

The Problem-Oriented Medical Record497

Planning and Implementing Nutritional Care500

Some Basic Concepts500

Managing the Mode of Feeding500

Evaluation：Quality Patient Care501

General Considerations501

Quality Patient Care501

Role of the Nurse501

To Sum Up503

Questions for Review503

Case Study Nutritional Assessment and Therapy for a Patient with Cancer505

Issues and Answers “How Much Should I Weigh？”：A Summary of Methods of Measuring Body Fat506

Chapter 20 Drug-Nutrient Interaction509

Drug-Nutrient Problems in Modern Medicine511

Elderly Persons at Risk511

Effects of Drugs on Food and Nutrients511

Drug Effects on Food Intake511

Drug Effects on Nutrient Absorption and Metabolism513

Effects of Food and Nutrients on Drugs517

Food Effects on Drug Absorption517

Food Effects on Drug Distribution and Metabolism518

Vitamin Effects on Drug Action520

To Sum Up521

Questions for Review521

Issues and Answers The Calming of America？523

Chapter 21 Nutritional Therapy in Diseases of Infancy and Childhood525

The Hospitalized Infant and Child527

Basic Needs of the Hospitalized Child527

Plans for Nutritional Care of the Hospitalized Child528

Special Infant Needs530

Gastrointestinal Problems of Infancy and Childhood532

General Functional Disturbances532

Infantile Diarrhea533

Celiac Malabsorption Syndrome533

Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip538

Genetic Disease538

Genetic Inheritance Concept538

Genetic Control542

Phenylketonuria（PKU）542

Other Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism545

Galactosemia546

Lactose Intolerance547

Type I，Insulin-Dependent，Diabetes Mellitus549

Childhood Food Allergies549

Underlying Etiology549

Common Food Allergens549

Dietary Management550

Family Education550

Weight Management in Children551

Background Concerns551

Causes of Excessive Weight553

Food Practices During Growth Years554

Dental Caries554

Incidence554

Etiology554

Dietary Implications556

To Sum Up557

Questions for Review557

Case Study The Adolescent with Cystic Fibrosis558

Case Study The Child with Phenylketonuria（PKU）559

Issues and Answers Preventing Malnutrition in the Pediatric Ward560

Chapter 22 Diabetes Mellitus563

The Nature of Diabetes565

Contributing Causes565

Classification567

The Metabolic Pattern of Diabetes568

Normal Blood Sugar Controls568

Regulatory Pancreatic Hormones568

Metabolic Changes in Diabetes570

General Management of Diabetes570

Diagnosis570

Treatment Objectives571

Principles of Nutritional Therapy571

Care of Type Ⅰ，Insulin-Dependent，Diabetes Mellitus571

Care of Type Ⅱ，Non-Insulin-Dependent，Diabetes Mellitus579

Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young580

Special Diet Concerns580

Diet Planning with Food Exchanges581

Planning an Individual Food Pattern581

Planning for Special Needs584

Diabetes Education Program585

Goal：Person-Centered Self-Care585

Content：Tools for Self-Care587

Educational Materials：Person-Centered Standards587

Future Trends in Diabetes Care588

New lnsulins588

Insulin Delivery Systems588

Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring Technique588

To Sum Up591

Questions for Review591

Case Study The Patient with Type I，Insulin-Dependent，Diabetes Mellitus593

Issues and Answers Can I Use Fructose in My Diabetic Diet？594

Issues and Answers Alcohol and Diabetes：Do They Mix？595

Chapter 23 Gastrointestinal Diseases597

Esophageal Problems599

Reflux Esophagitis599

Hiatal Hernia599

Diverticula600

Peptic Ulcer Disease601

Incidence601

Etiology601

Symptoms and Management602

Dietary Management602

Intestinal Diseases606

General Functional Disorders606

Organic Diseases606

To Sum Up613

Questions for Review613

Case Study The Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome615

Case Study The Patient with an Ulcer616

Issues and Answers Nutritional Aspects of Diarrhea617

Chapter 24 Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder619

Metabolic Functions of the Liver621

Carbohydrate Metabolism621

Fat Metabolism621

Protein Metabolism621

Other Related Functions621

Diseases of the Liver621

Hepatitis621

Cirrhosis625

Hepatic Encephalopathy627

Diseases of the Gallbladder628

Functions of the Gallbladder628

Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis629

To Sum Up632

Questions for Review632

Case Study The Patient with Infectious Hepatitis633

Case Study The Patient with Cirrhosis634

Issues and Answers Nutritional Management of the Alcoholic Patient635

Chapter 25 Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension637

Coronary Heart Disease639

The Problem of Atherosclerosis639

Functional Classification of Lipid Disorders644

Acute Cardiovascular Disease649

Chronic Coronary Heart Disease649

Essential Hypertension652

The Problem of Hypertension652

Blood Pressure Controls653

Principles of Nutritional Therapy655

Coronary Heart Disease and Cardiac Edema655

Hypertension656

Food Plan658

Education and Prevention660

Coronary Heart Disease660

Hypertension660

To Sum Up662

Questions for Review662

Case Study The Patient with Myocardial Infarction665

Issues and Answers Is Calcium a New Risk Factor in Hypertension Control？666

Issues and Answers Dietary Fats：How Much is Not Enough？668

Chapter 26 Renal Disease671

Physiology of the Kidney673

Basic Renal Functions673

Renal Function in Disease674

Glomerulonephritis675

Etiology675

Clinical Symptoms676

Nutritional Therapy676

Nephrotic Syndrome677

Etiology677

Clinical Symptoms677

Nutritional Therapy677

Acute Renal Failure678

Etiology678

Clinical Symptoms678

Nutritional Therapy679

Chronic Renal Failure680

Etiology680

Clinical Symptoms680

Nutritional Therapy682

Renal Calculi690

Etiology690

Clinical Symptoms693

Treatment693

Nutritional Therapy693

Urinary Tract Infection700

Etiology700

Treatment700

To Sum Up701

Questions for Review701

Case Study The Patient with Chronic Renal Failure703

Case Study The Patient with Renal Calculi705

Issues and Answers Renal Disease：Technology vs the Quality of Your Life706

Chapter 27 Nutrition and Surgery709

Nutritional Needs of General Surgery Patients711

Preoperative Nutrition711

Postoperative Nutrition711

General Dietary Management713

Special Nutritional Needs for Head and Neck/Gastrointestinal Surgery Patients714

Head and Neck Surgery714

Gastric Resection717

Cholecystectomy720

Ileostomy and Colostomy720

Rectal Surgery723

Burns：Special Nutritional Needs723

Nutritional Support Base723

Stages of Nutritional Care724

Total Parenteral Nutrition：Care of the Malnourished or Hypermetabolic Patient727

TPN Development727

Indications for TPN Use727

Basic Rules for TPN Use728

Nutritional Assessment729

Nutrition Requirements：TPN Prescription731

Preparation of TPN Solutions735

Administration of TPN737

Home TPN for Long-Term Use737

To Sum Up738

Questions for Review738

Case Study The Patient with Gastrectomy740

Case Study The Patient with Burns741

Issues and Answers The Challenge of Long-Term TPN Therapy742

Chapter 28 Nutrition and Cancer745

Cancer Pathogenesis and Nutrition747

The Cancer Cell747

The Body’s Defense System751

Cancer Therapy and Nutrition753

Surgery753

Radiation753

Chemotherapy754

Nutritional Therapy and Cancer756

Problems Related to the Disease Process756

Problems Related to Cancer Treatment758

Principles of Nutritional Therapy for Cancer758

Nutritional Needs761

Nutritional Management and Cancer762

Enteral：Oral Diet and Nutrient Supplementation763

Enteral：Tube Feeding766

Parenteral Feeding768

To Sum Up770

Questions for Review770

Case Study The Patient with Cancer772

Issues and Answers Dietary Guidelines for Cancer Prevention773

Chapter 29 Nutrition in Rehabilitation777

Rehabilitation Care：Goals and Methods779

Goals of Rehabilitation779

Methods：The Team Approach in Rehabilitation779

Socioeconomic and Psychologic Factors in Rehabilitation779

Social Attitudes779

Economic Problems780

Living Situations780

Psychologic Barriers781

Special Needs of Older Disabled Persons781

U.S.Population Changes and Disability781

Types of Rehabilitation Needs for the Elderly781

Independent Living Rehabilitation782

Personal Assessment of Needs782

Basic Principles of Nutritional Care in Rehabilitation783

Prevention of Malnutrition783

Restoration of Eating Ability784

Conditions Involving Eating Disabilities784

Limitations in Range of Motion784

Muscular Weakness785

Muscular Incoordination786

One-Handedness786

Activities of Daily Living：Food and Eating in Rehabilitation786

Principles of Nutritional Assessment786

Self-Help Devices787

The Learning Process790

Clinical Problems in Rehabilitation792

Elimination792

Renal Calculi793

Obesity794

To Sum Up795

Questions for Review795

Case Study The Patient with a Cerebrovascular Accident（CVA）796

Issues and Answers Independent Living vs the Kindness of Strangers797

Chapter 30 Nutrition and Mental Health799

Mental Health Care801

Goals and Methods801

Socioeconomic and Psychologic Factors801

Nutrition in Mental Health Care802

Mental Health Care Facilities802

Levels of Wellness802

Goals of Nutritional Care803

Food as a Therapeutic Tool803

Feeding Problems804

Nutrition and Brain Function805

Central Nervous System805

Clinical Problems808

Behavioral Problems808

Eating Disorders809

Alcoholism813

Mental Retardation815

Delirium and Coma815

Epilepsy816

Organic Brain Syndrome816

To Sum Up817

Questions for Review817

Case Study The Patient with Psychiatric Problems819

Issues and Answers Precursor Therapy：Nutrient or Drug？820

Chapter 31 Computers in Management of Nutrition Practice821

What Computers Can and Can’t Do823

General Information Management823

Basic Computer System Development823

The Human Factor826

Computer Applications in Nutrition Practice827

Computer System Development828

Clinical Nutrition：Patient Care in the Hospital Setting828

Community Nutrition：Private Practice and Public Health830

Nutrition Education831

Nutrition Research835

To Sum Up837

Questions for Review837

Issues and Answers Broadening Computer Applications in Nutrition839

Appendixes841

A Nutritive Values of the Edible Part of Foods842

B Amino Acid Content of Foods，100 g，Edible Portion876

C Fatty Acid Content of Common Vegetable Oils883

D Relative Ratios of Polyunsaturated Fat and Saturated Fat（P/S Ratio）in Representative Foods883

E Cholesterol Content of Foods884

F Dietary Fiber in Selected Plant Foods885

G Sodium and Potassium Content of Foods，100g，Edible Portion887

H Sodium Levels in Mineral Waters898

I Sodium Levels in Popular Soft Drinks898

J Sodium Content of Popular Condiments，Fats，and Oils899

K Salt-Free Seasoning Guide900

L Caffeine Content of Common Beverages and Drugs901

M Composition of Beverages：Alcoholic and Carbonated Nonalcoholic（per 100 g）901

N Kilocalorie Values of Some Common Snack Foods902

O Nutritional Analyses of Fast Foods904

P Water and Electrolyte Balance Problems：Answers to Chapter 9 Questions for Review909

Q Physical Growth NCHS Percentiles910

R Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference Percentiles（cm）918

S Triceps Skinfold Percentiles（mm）919

T Mid-Upper-Arm Muscle Circumference Percentiles（cm）920

U Normal Constituents of the Blood in the Adult921

V Normal Constituents of the Urine of the Adult923

W Food Guide：Exchange Lists for Meal Planning924

X Tools for Calculating Diets and Planning Meals for Children with Phenylketonuria929

Y Calculation Aids and Conversion Tables937

Z Nutrition and Rehabilitation References and Resources939

Glossary，G1945

References，R1965