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PART Ⅰ THE FRAMEWORK1

1. HISTORICAL AND JURIDICAL BACKGROUND3

1.1 The development of laws3

1.2 Hierarchies of laws5

1.3 Emergence of domestic human rights law6

1.4 The Law of Nations9

1.5 The doctrine of national sovereignty11

1.6 Legal positivism12

1.7 Emergence of international human rights law13

1.8 International human rights law since 194514

1.9 The structure of modern international human rights law16

1.10 Non-discrimination17

1.11 The Rule of Law18

1.12 Remedies for violation20

2. REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS24

2.1 The UN Charter (UNCH)24

2.2 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)24

2.3 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICPR)25

2.4 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICES)26

2.5 The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (EHR)26

2.6 The European Social Charter (ESC)27

2.7 The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (ADRD)28

2.8 The American Convention on Human Rights (AMR)28

2.9 The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights([AFR])29

2.10 Subsidiary Instruments29

2.11 The Helsinki Final Act30

3. PARTICIPATION IN THE INSTRUMENTS33

3.1 Negotiation and adoption33

3.2 Signature34

3.3 Ratification34

3.4 Entry into force35

3.5 Accession or adherence36

3.6 Reservations and interpretations36

3.7 Amendment37

3.8 Derogation38

3.9 Denunciation38

4. DOMESTIC EFFECT OF THE INSTRUMENTS39

4.1 Sources and hierarchies of domestic law39

4.2 International treaties as a source of domestic law40

4.3 Rights, freedoms, and duties42

4.4 'Drittwirkungder Grundrechte'43

5. SUPERVISION, INTERPRETATION, APPLICATION,AND ENFORCEMENT45

5.1 International institutions and procedures45

5.2 Domestic institutions and procedures46

5.3 'International crimes'47

PART Ⅱ ARTICLES OF GENERAL APPLICATION49

6. THE STATE OBLIGATIONS51

6.1 The UN Charter51

6.2 The Universal Declaration and the American Declaration53

6.3 Absolute and immediate treaty obligations56

6.4 Qualified and progressive treaty obligations59

6.5 Territorial application63

6.6 Provision of domestic remedies67

7. NON-DISCRIMINATION72

8. RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS85

9. ABUSE104

10. SAVINGS107

11. DEROGATION110

12. DENUNCIATION119

PART Ⅲ THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS GUARANTEED123

13. CLASSIFICATION OF THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS125

14. PHYSICAL INTEGRITY128

14.1 Life128

14.2 Liberty and security; arrest and detention135

14.3 Torture and other ill-treatment159

14.4 Freedom of movement174

14.5 Asylum188

15. STANDARD OF LIVING193

16. HEALTH195

17. FAMILY199

17.1 Marriage and family199

17.2 Mothers and children208

18. WORK214

18.1 The right to work214

18.2 Pay and conditions of work218

18.3 Rest and leisure223

18.4 Slavery, servitude, and forced labour226

19. SOCIAL SECURITY, ASSISTANCE, AND WELFARE236

20. EDUCATION AND TRAINING243

21. PROPERTY252

22. LEGAL INTEGRITY259

22.1 Nationality259

22.2 Recognition before the law261

22.3 Equality before the law262

22.4 Fair trial268

22.5 Retroactive penal laws285

22.6 Rights of accused persons291

22.7 Miscarriage of justice305

23. MENTAL AND MORAL INTEGRITY308

23.1 Dignity, personality, and name308

23.2 Privacy, honour and reputation310

23.3 Thought, conscience, and religion321

23.4 Opinion and expression327

23.5 Culture, arts, and science337

24. JOINT ACTIVITIES340

24.1 Assembly340

24.2 Association343

24.3 Trade unions346

25. POLITICS AND DEMOCRACY360

26. COLLECTIVE RIGHTS368

26.1 Self-determination, liberation, and equality369

26.2 International peace and security371

26.3 Use of wealth and resources373

26.4 Development375

26.5 Environment377

26.6 Minorities377

PART Ⅳ INTERNATIONAL INTERPRETATION, APPLICATION,ENFORCEMENT, AND SUPERVISION379

27. THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE (HRC)381

27.1 Composition and organization381

27.2 State communications384

27.3 Individual communications387

27.4 Supervision389

28. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (EUCM and EUCT)391

28.1 Institutions391

28.2 EUCM: Composition and organization391

28.3 EUCM: Competence392

28.4 EUCM: Procedure394

28.5 EUCT: Composition and organization396

28.6 EUCT: Jurisdiction397

28.7 EUCT: Procedure399

28.8 Supervision400

29. THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION AND COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (IACM and IACT)401

29.1 IACM's functions and powers in respect of OAS Member States which are not parties to AMR401

29.2 The provisions of AMR for IACM and IACT403

29.2.1 Institutions and mandate403

29.2.2 IACM: Composition and organization404

29.2.3 IACM: Competence405

29.2.4 IACM: Procedure407

29.2.5 IACT: Composition and organization409

29.2.6 IACT: Jurisdiction412

29.2.7 IACT: Procedure413

29.2.8 Supervision414

30. THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS ([AFCM])415

30.1 Institution and mandate415

30.2 Composition and organization416

30.3 Procedure418

30.4 State communications419

30.5 Other communications420

30.6 Supervision422

31.THE UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)423

31.1 The UN Commission on Human Rights (CHR)423

31.2 Supervision of ICES424

32.THE EUROPEAN COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS (EUCE)430

33.THE UN SECRETARIAT'S DIVISION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (DHR)433

34.THE UN EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION (UNESCO)434

35.THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO)438

35.1 The supervision procedure438

35.2 The representations procedure438

35.3 The complaints procedure439

35.4 The special procedure for complaints about infringements of trade union rights440

35.5 Supervision of ICES and ESC441

36.NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS442

TABLE A: Signatures, ratifications, accessions, adherences,reservations, and interpretations445

TABLE B: Judgments, Decisions, and Reports cited495

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY561

INDEX OF ARTICLES563