SENSATION AND PERCEPTION:AN INTEGRATED APPROACH THIRD EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1.INTRODUCTION1

STIMULATION2

SENSORY RECEPTORS2

SENSATION，PERCEPTION AND RELATED DISCIPLINES4

PLAN OF THE BOOK5

CLASSIFICATION OF MODALITIES6

WHY STUDY SENSATION AND PERCEPTION8

2.PSYCHOPHYSICS11

DETECTION AND THE ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD12

THEORY OF SIGNAL DETECTION15

SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION20

THE DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD23

FECHNER’S LAW24

STEVENS’ POWER LAW25

THE RELATIVITY OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL JUDGMENTS28

SUMMARY29

3.THE ORIENTING SYSTEM31

THE MAMMALIAN ORIENTING SYSTEM33

Vestibular Stimulation35

Vestibular Nystagmus37

OculogyralIllusion37

Visually Induced Illusions of Motion38

Vestibular Adaptation and Habituation39

Deficiencies of the Vestibular Mechanism39

Other Mechanisms for Orientation41

Motion Sickness41

SUMMARY43

4.THE AUDITORY SYSTEM47

THE PHYSICAL STIMULUS48

Frequency48

Amplitude49

Complexity53

Resonance54

Phase55

ANATOMY AND MECHANISMS OF THE EAR55

The Outer Ear56

The Middle Ear58

The Inner Ear58

The Auditory Nerve60

Bone Conduction61

FUNCTIONING OF THE INNER EAR63

The Place Theory63

The Frequency Theory66

AUDITORY PATHOLOGY67

Tinnitus67

Presbyacusis67

Hearing Loss68

COMPARATIVE AUDITORY STRUCTURES70

SUMMARY72

5.COMPLEX AUDITORY PHENOMENA Ⅰ：PSYCHOACOUSTICS75

PERCEPTION OF INTENSITY76

Intensity Discrimination77

Loudness77

Loudness and Frequency77

PERCEPTION OF FREQUENCY80

Frequency Discrimination80

Pitch80

Pitch and Intensity81

HEARING AND TEMPORAL EFFECTS81

EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE TONAL STIMULATION82

Beats82

Combination Tones83

Masking83

Sound-Induced Hearing Loss （Auditory Fatigue and Adaptation）85

SUBJECTIVE TONAL ATTRIBUTES86

Volume and Density86

Consonance87

SUMMARY87

6.COMPLEX AUDITORY PHENOMENA Ⅱ：SOUND AS INFORMATION89

CEREBRAL DOMINANCE AND HEARING90

AUDITORY SPACE PERCEPTION93

Monaural Cues93

Binaural Cues93

Echolocation98

Obstacle Perception by the Blind99

THE PERCEPTION OF MUSIC101

Acoustic Dimensions of Music101

Octaves，Musical Notation and Scales101

Absolute or Perfect Pitch103

Perception of Pitch Sequences：Melodies103

Temporal Organization104

Chromesthesia and Music104

Function of Music Perception105

THE PERCEPTION OF SPEECH105

Speech Sounds107

SPEECH PERCEPTION WITH SOUND DISTORTION108

Frequency Cutoffs108

Context109

Speech Blanking109

Segmented Speech110

THEORIES OF SPEECH PERCEPTION110

Motor Theory of Speech Perception110

Linguistic Feature Detectors112

Speech Mode of Perception113

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION114

SUMMARY115

7.SOMESTHESIS Ⅰ：KINESTHESIS AND CUTANEOUS SENSE119

KINESTHESIS120

THE SKIN AND CUTANEOUS EXPERIENCE120

Distribution of Cutaneous Sensitivity122

THE SKIN AND THE BRAIN123

Receptive Fields123

PRESSURE AND TOUCH125

Thresholds for Pressure126

Point Localization for Pressure127

Two-Point Threshold127

Aristotle’s Illusion128

Adaptation to Pressure129

COMPLEX TOUCH PHENOMENA130

Reading with the Skin130

The Todoma Method132

Pressure Phosphenes132

Seeing with the Skin133

THE HAPTIC SYSTEM135

Tactual Stereognosis135

Roughness Enhancement136

SUMMARY136

8.SOMESTHESIS Ⅱ：TEMPERATURE AND PAIN139

TEMPERATURE140

Thermal Adaptation140

Temperature Discrimination142

Paradoxical Thermal Sensations142

THEORIES OF THERMAL PERCEPTION143

PAIN144

Function of Pain Perception144

Pain Due to Overstimulation145

The Nociceptor146

The Qualities of Pain146

The Pain Stimulus and Pain Thresholds146

Subjective Factors in Pain Experience147

Pain Adaptation148

THEORIES OF PAIN148

Spinal Gate Control TheoRY of Pain148

Acupuncture151

Endorphins and Enkephalins151

SUMMARY152

9.THE CHEMICAL SENSORY SYSTEM Ⅰ：TASTE155

THE CHEMICAL STIMULUS AND TASTE EXPERIENCE157

The Chemical Stimulus for Taste158

ANATOMY OF TASTE RECEPTION158

THRESHOLDS OF TASTE160

Taste Thresholds and Genetics162

Scaling of Taste Intensity162

Taste Abnormalities and Disease163

ADAPTATION163

Adaptation-Produced Potentiation164

Cross-Adaptation164

TASTE INTERACTIONS164

TASTE MODIFIERS165

NEURAL RECORDING165

Cross-Fiber Patterning166

THE BEST STIMULUS AND LABELED LINES：TASTE RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY167

TASTE PREFERENCES AND TASTE WORLDS168

Taste Preference and Deprivation169

Origins of Taste Preferences169

Conditioned Taste Aversion169

Culture and Taste Preferences170

Taste Preference and Flavor170

SUMMARY171

10.THE CHEMICAL SENSORY SYSTEM Ⅱ：SMELL175

CHEMICAL CORRELATES OF ODOR QUALITY177

CLASSIFICATION OF ODOR QUALITY177

Stereochemical TheoRY：Lock and Key177

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM179

Plasticity of the Olfactory System181

Olfactory Coding181

THRESHOLDS182

Thresholds and Gender183

Thresholds and Age184

ADAPTATION185

ODOR MIXTURES185

ODOR PREFERENCES185

IDENTIFICATION AND MEMORY OF ODORS186

Odors and Emotion187

OLFACTORY DISORDERS188

THE ODOR OF DISEASE188

PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF OLFACTION：PHEROMONES188

The Vomeronasal System190

Human Pheromones190

COMMON CHEMICAL SENSE191

Effective Stimulus for the Common Chemical Sense192

Preference for Irritating Trigeminal Stimuli192

SUMMARY193

11.THE VISUAL SYSTEM196

THE PHYSICAL STIMULUS198

Wavelength199

Intensity199

Reception200

ANATOMY OF THE VERTEBRATE EYE202

The Retina206

Eyeball Mobility208

Placement of the Eyes and the Visual Field210

ACCOMMODATION210

REFRACTIVE ERRORS211

Myopia213

Lens Aberrations214

Astigmatism215

PUPIL MOBILITY215

Pupillometry217

EYEBLINKS217

EYE AND BRAIN217

Receptive Fields218

Receptive Fields for the Visual Cortex220

SUMMARY224

12.FUNDAMENTAL VISUAL FUNCTIONS AND PHENOMENA227

SCOTOPIC AND PHOTOPIC VISION228

ADAPTATION228

The Photochemical Basis of Dark Adaptation229

Spectral Sensitivity and the Purkinje Shift230

LIMITS OF BASIC VISUAL FUNCTION232

Absolute Threshold for Intensity232

Factors Affecting the Absolute Threshold233

Perceiving Continuity from Intermittent Light：The CFF233

ACUITY234

Visual Angle236

Acuity and Retinal Locus238

Additional Factors239

EYE MOVEMENTS240

Saccades240

Saccades and Reading240

Pursuit Movements243

Vergence Movements243

Miniature Eye Movements243

Mixed Mode Eye Movements243

Development of Efficient Eye Movements243

SUMMARY244

13.THE PERCEPTION OF COLOR247

THE NATURE OF COLOR248

Color Spindle250

COLOR MATCHING251

COLOR MIXTURE251

Additive Color Mixture252

Subtractive Color Mixture254

AFTERIMAGES255

Successive and Simultaneous Contrast255

MEMORY COLOR256

THEORIES OF COLOR PERCEPTION256

The Young-Helmholtz Theory （Trichromatic Receptor Theory）257

Opponent-Process Theory258

Color Coding Beyond the Retina259

Ladd-Franklin Theory262

DEFECTIVE COLOR VISION262

Anomalous Trichromatism263

Dichromatism263

Monochromatism264

Cortical Color Blindness264

SUBJECTIVE COLORS265

SUMMARY266

14.THE PERCEPTION OF FORM AND SHAPE269

CONTOUR AND CONTRAST PERCEPTION270

Border Contrast，Lateral Inhibition，and Mach Bands272

Lightness Contrast273

Hermann Grid274

The Ganzfeld：Perception in a Homogeneous Field275

Stabilized Image276

SPATIAL FREQUENCIES278

Contrast Sensitivity Function278

Selective Adaptation281

Image Processing：Block Portraits282

Spatial Frequency and Acuity282

Role of Spatial Frequency Analysis in Vision283

FIGURE-GROUND DIFFERENTIATION285

Ambiguous Figure-Ground Relationships285

Perceptual Differences between Figure and Ground288

Figure-Ground and Lightness288

Figure-Ground and Perceptual Organization290

GESTALT GROUPING PRINCIPLES291

Nearness or Proximity292

Similarity292

Good Configuration292

Measures of Grouping Effects293

Subjective Contours295

Law of Pragnanz299

MASKING300

Masking and Saccadic Omission301

Facilitative Interaction302

AFTEREFFECTS303

Figural Aftereffects303

Shape Affereffects303

Contingent Affereffects305

PERCEPTUAL SET306

FIGURAL ORIENTATION AND FORM PERCEPTION308

SUMMARY309

15.THE PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT315

MOVEMENT SYSTEMS OF THE EYE317

The Image-Retina Movement System317

Eye-Head Movement System318

Corollary Discharge and Outflow Signals318

THE PATTERN OF OPTICAL STIMULATION FOR MOVEMENT PERCEPTION319

Kinetic Optical Occlusion319

Optic Flow Patterns320

Visual Field321

Thresholds for Movement321

BIOLOGICAL MOTION321

DISTORTIONS IN THE PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT323

Motion-Produced Depth：Kinetic Depth Effect323

Anorthoscopic Perception323

Induced Movement324

Pulfrich Effect326

APPARENT MOVEMENT328

Stroboscopic Movement328

Motion Pictures329

Autokinetic Movement330

Movement Aftereffects330

THE PREDICTION OF MOTION PATHS331

SUMMARY334

16.THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE Ⅰ：SPATIAL CUES AND CONSTANCY337

MONOCULAR CUES FOR SPATIAL PERCEPTION338

Interposition338

Aerial Perspective or Clearness338

Shading and Lighting339

Elevation340

Linear Perspective341

Texture Gradients342

Relative Size343

Pictorial Perception344

Motion Parallax347

Motion Perspective350

Familiar Size350

Accommodation352

Scene Perception352

Gibson’s Direct Approach to the Perception of Depth and Distance353

BINOCULAR CUES354

Convergence354

Binocular Disparity354

Corresponding Retinal Points and the Horopter356

Stereopsis357

Cyclopean Perception358

THE VISUAL CLIFF361

CONSTANCY362

Lightness Constancy363

Size Constancy365

Shape Constancy368

SUMMARY371

17.THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE Ⅱ：ILLUSIONS375

TRANSACTIONALISM AND THE AMES ILLUSIONS376

The Trapezoidal Window377

The Distorted Room378

THE HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL ILLUSION380

THE MOON ILLUSION381

Angle-of-Regard Hypothesis381

Apparent Distance Hypothesis381

Relative Size Hypothesis383

THE MULLER-LYER ILLUSION384

THE PONZO ILLUSION386

THE POGGENDORFF ILLUSION389

The Poggendorff Illusion and Perspective Constancy390

The Poggendorff and Muller-Lyer Illusion391

OTHER ILLUSIONS393

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS393

Multiple Determinants of Illusions394

Multiple Illusion Figures397

AMBIGUOUS，REVERSIBLE，AND MULTISTABLE FIGURES398

IMPOSSIBLE FIGURES400

SUMMARY403

18.THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTION405

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSORY SYSTEM406

Cortical Effects of Restriction407

Cortical Effects of Biased and Selective Visual Stimulation407

Restriction and Restoration of Vision with Humans408

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE410

Depth Perception410

Development of Object Avoidance：Looming411

PERCEPTION OF THE NEWBORN HUMAN412

Auditory-Visual Events413

Eye Fixations and Scanning413

Form Perception415

Color Perception418

DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ACUITY419

The Oblique Effect419

VISION AND AGING420

The Eye and Aging420

Visual Acuity and Aging421

Retinal Effects of Aging421

CONCLUSIONS422

SUMMARY422

19.THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR COORDINATION425

PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR COORDINATION425

Visually Guided Behavior：Visual Placing427

PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION TO DISTORTED OPTICAL STIMULATION429

Reafference431

Active Movements and Adaptation432

Comparative Studies433

Active versus Passive Movement435

SUMMARY435

20.THE PERCEPTION OF TIME437

BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF TIME PERCEPTION438

Hoagland’s Hypothesis：The Biological Clock438

Time Perception and the EEG440

Drugs440

COGNITIVE THEORIES OF TIME PERCEPTION441

Ornstein’s Theory：Information Storage441

Number of Events441

Complexity442

Task Familiarity443

Organization and Memory443

Cognitive-Attentional Theory444

Biological Versus Cognitive Basis of Time Perception445

TIME PERCEPTION AND SPATIAL SCALE446

TIME PERCEPTION AND SPATIAL EVENTS：THE TAU- AND KAPPA-EFFECTS447

SUMMARY448

21.SENSATION，PERCEPTION，AND ATTENTION：SELECTED TOPICS451

SELECTIVE ATTENTION452

Divided Attention452

Visual Search454

DUAL PROCESSING：SIMULTANEOUSLY RESPONDING TO MULTIPLE INPUTS457

Controlled and Automatic Processes457

The Stroop Effect458

Dual Attention459

VISUAL MEMORY：THE ICON460

VISUAL IMAGERY461

SUMMARY462

GLOSSARY465

REFERENCES493

AUTHOR INDEX537

SUBJECT INDEX547