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Unit 1 Getting Started1

Part A Gathering Ideas1

1．Freewriting1

2．Focused Freewriting2

3．Brainstorming3

4．Clustering4

5．Asking Questions5

6．Keeping a Journal6

Part B The Writing Process9

1．Prewriting9

2．Writing9

3．Revising and Proofreading9

Part C Relationship between Key Factors10

1．Relationship between Writer and Subject10

2．Relationship between Writer and Readers10

3．Relationship between Purpose and Writing11

Part D Differences between Chinese Writing and Western Writing11

1．Difference in Thought Pattern12

2．Difference in Objectivity12

3．Difference in Evaluation13

4．Difference in Stating a Moral13

Unit 2 Diction14

Part A Using Appropriate Words14

1．Formal Words14

2．Common Words15

3．Colloquial Words15

4．Avoiding Slang15

5．Avoiding Chinglish15

Exercises16

Part B Using Exact Words17

1．Denotation and Connotation17

2．Synonyms18

3．Abstract,Concrete,General and Specific Words19

Exercises21

Part C Using Idiomatic and Fresh Words22

1．Idioms23

2．Avoiding Cliches24

3．Avoiding Nonce Words25

Exercises25

Part D Using Figurative Language27

1．Simile27

2．Metaphor27

3．Personification28

4．Metonymy28

5．Synecdoche28

6．Euphemism29

7．Irony29

8．Overstatement30

9．Understatement30

10．Transferred Epithet31

11．Oxymoron31

Exercises32

Unit 3 The Sentence35

Part A Rhetorical Types of Sentences35

1．Loose Sentences35

2．Periodical Sentences36

3．Balanced Sentences36

Exercises37

Part B Revising for Sentence Structure38

1．Sentence Fragment38

2．Comma Splices39

3．Run-On Sentences39

Exercises40

Part C Revising for Sentence Unity42

Exercises43

Part D Revising for Sentence Coherence44

1．Misplaced Modifiers44

2．Dangling Modifiers45

3．Faulty Parallelism46

Exercises47

Part E Revising for Sentence Clarity48

1．Ambiguous Reference48

2．Confusing Shifts49

Exercises51

Part F Revising for Sentence Conciseness52

1．Revising Deadwood53

2．Changing Sentence Structure to Avoid Wordihess53

3．Avoiding Unnecessary Passive Voice54

4．Avoiding Unnecessary There Be Construction54

Exercises55

Part G Revising for Sentence Emphasis56

1．Emphatic Word Order56

2．Emphatic Sentence56

3．Active Voice58

4．Repetition58

Exercises58

Part H Revising for Sentence Variety59

1．Vary Sentence Beginnings59

2．Vary Sentence Length60

Exercises61

Unit 4 The Paragraph62

Part A Internal Structure of a Paragraph62

1．The Topic Sentence62

2．Unity64

3．Coherence65

Exercises66

Part B Transition69

1．Transitions within a Paragraph69

2．Transitions between Paragraphs71

Exercises72

Part C Paragraph Development73

1．Development by Time73

Exercises74

2．Development by Space76

Exercises77

3．Development by Illustration79

Exercises80

4．Developmernt by Process82

Exercises84

5．Development by Definitions86

Exercises88

6．Development by Comparison and Contrast89

Exercises92

7．Development by Classification93

Exercises95

8．Development by Cause and Effect98

Exercises100

Unit 5 The Composition103

Part A The Process of Writing a Composition103

1．Looking at the Composition103

2．Selecting a Subject104

3．Narrowing the Topic104

4．Writing the Thesis Statement105

5．Finding Ideas106

6．Outlining Ideas106

7．Writing and Revising108

Exercises109

Part B Description110

1．Establish a Dominant Impression110

2．Arrange the Description Impression110

3．Point of View110

4．Revising111

5．Describing a Person111

6．Describing a Place115

7．Describing an Obiect117

8．Describing a Scene120

Exercises123

Part C Narration123

1．Purpose124

2．Background124

3．Selection of Details125

4．Point of View125

5．Organization125

6．Focus on the Character125

7．Revising125

Exercises131

Part D Exposition131

1．Illustration133

2．Comparison and Contrast136

3．Cause and Effect141

4．Classification and Division146

5．Definition152

Exercises156

Part E Argumentation159

1．Debatable Points160

2．Facts161

3．Examples161

4．Referring to an Authority161

5．Predicting the Consequence161

6．Answering the Opposition161

7．Ways of Reasoning161

8．Clear Logic162

9．Revising162

Exercises164

Unit 6 Paraphrases,Summaries and Book Reports166

Part A The Paraphrases166

1．Requirements of Paraphrase Writing166

2．Steps in Paraphrasing166

Part B The Summary167

1．Uses of Summary Writing167

2．Steps in Summarizing168

3．Requirements of Summary Writing168

4．Ways of Compression169

Part C The Book Report173

1．Uses of a Book Report173

2．Structure of a Book Report173

3．Steps in Writing a Book Report173

4．Requirements of Writing a Book Report173

Exercises175

Unit 7 Practical Writing179

Part A Notices179

Part B Greetings,Good Wishes,Congratulations and Condolences185

1．Greetings186

2．Good Wishes187

3．Congratulations188

4．Condolences189

Part C Notes189

1．Written Request for Leave190

2．Appointments192

3．Apologies192

4．Requests192

5．Thanks193

6．Informal Invitations193

7．Messages194

Part D Bills194

1．Forms of I.O.U194

2．Forms of Receipt195

3．Student Transcript196

Part E Resumes and Letters196

1．Resumes196

2．Letters204

Exercises223

Appendix224

Appendix 1 Mechanics224

Appendix 2 Spelling226

Appendix 3 Look-Alikes/Sound-Alikes229

Appendix 4 Punctuation235

Appendix 5 Correction Symbols in Alphabetical Order243

Bibliography245