欧洲文明简史 从上古时代到现代初期PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Part Ⅰ Ancient World4

Chapter 1 Civilizations in the Ancient Near East1．Introduction4

2．Civilization in Mesopotamia5

2.1 Brief history of Mesopotamia6

2.2 The Cultural Achievements of Mesopotamia11

3．Ancient Egyptian Civilization15

3.1 Egypt:"The Gift of the Nile"15

3.2 A Brief History of Ancient Egypt17

3.3 Ancient Egyptian Culture and Society18

4．The Hebrews:History and Religion24

4.1 "The Children of Israel":A Brief History25

4.2 Israelite Religion:Judaism27

5．Conclusion29

Exercises30

Chapter 2 Greek Civilization33

1．Introduction33

2．History of the Ancient Greeks34

2.1 Early Greece35

2.2 The Dark Age(1200—50 BC)38

2.3 The Archaic Period(750—500 BC)38

2.4 The Classical Period(500—338 BC)45

2.5 The Hellenistic Period(323—31 BC)51

3．Cultural Achievements of the Ancient Greeks54

3.1 Religion and Mythology55

3.2 Philosophy57

3.3 Science61

3.4 Literature62

3.5 Historiography66

3.6 Art68

4．Conclusion72

Exercises73

Chapter 3 Roman Civilization:from A City to An Empire1．Introduction77

2．Rome:from Republic to Empire78

2.1 The First Romans and Their Neighbors79

2.2 The Roman Republic(509—31 BC)81

2.3 Roman Expansion86

2.4 The Collapse of the Roman Republic(133—31 BC)90

2.5 The Early Empire(31 BC—180 AD)92

3．Roman Culture96

3.1 Government96

3.2 Evolution of Roman Law97

3.3 Roman Engineering and Architecture98

3.4 Literature100

3.5 Historiography103

3.6 Sculpture and Painting103

3.7 Science104

4．Conclusion105

Exercises108

Chapter 4 Decline of the Roman Empire and Rise of Christianity1．Introduction111

2．The Crisis of the Empire113

2.1 The Flawed Imperial Political System114

2.2 Crisis of the Slave Economy116

2.3 The Culture of Bread and the Circus119

3．The Empire Reorganized122

3.1 Dividing the Empire122

3.2 The Reign of Constantine(312—395)124

4．Transformation of the Roman World:the Development of Christianity125

4.1 Imperial Roman Religious Beliefs126

4.2 Jews under Roman Rule128

4.3 The Career of Jesus128

4.4 The Rise of Christianity132

4.5 The New Contours of Fourth-Century Christianity135

5．Transformation of the Roman World:the Germanic Invasion138

5.1 Early German-Roman Relationship138

5.2 The Rise of German Kingdoms and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire142

6．Conclusion145

Exercises147

Part Ⅱ The Medieval World153

Chapter 5 The Early Middle Ages(500—1000)153

1．Introduction153

2．The Byzantine Empire154

2.1 The Reign of Justinian(rule 527—565)155

2.2 Economy and Society in Byzantium158

2.3 Byzantine Culture160

2.4 What Made the Byzantine Empire Strong163

3．The Rise of Islam165

3.1 Arabia Before Muhammad166

3.2 The Founding of Islam167

3.3 The Religious Teachings of Islam168

3.4 Conquest of Islam169

3.5 Economy of the Islamic Empire171

3.6 Islamic Culture172

4．The Western Christian World175

4.1 The Rise of the Frankish Empire176

4.2 The Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire179

4.3 Early England180

4.4 Ninth-Century Invasions181

4.5 Economy and Society in the Early Middle Ages182

4.6 Culture in the Christian West185

5．Conclusion187

Exercises188

Chapter 6 The Central Middle Ages(1000—1300)192

1．Introduction192

2．Economic Takeoff and Social Change193

2.1 Agricultural Revolution and Rural Society194

2.2 The Rise of Trade and Towns198

3．The Church Triumphant204

3.1 The Centralized Structure of the Medieval Church205

3.2 Unifying the Church's Theological Doctrine208

3.3 Christian Conquests and the Crusades209

4．The Emergence and Growth of National Monarchies216

4.1 England217

4.2 Capetian France(987—1314)219

4.3 The Land of the Holy Roman Empire:Germany and Italy220

5．Intellectual Revival and Cultural Development225

5.1 Education and the Rise of Universities225

5.2 Philosophy and Theology227

5.3 Science228

5.4 Literature229

5.5 Art232

6．Conclusion235

Exercises236

Chapter 7 Crisis in Late Medieval Western Europe(1300—1500)1．Introduction241

2．Economic Crisis and Recovery242

2.1 Agricultural Failure and Great Famine243

2.2 The Black Death244

2.3 A New Economic Equilibrium Out of the Depression246

3．Social Crisis and Popular Unrest248

3.1 Revolts in the Rural Areas248

3.2 Revolts in the Cities250

4．Political Crisis and Recovery251

4.1 The Hundred Years'War251

4.2 Political Crisis and Recovery256

5．The Crisis of the Western Christian Church260

5.1 The Babylonian Captivity261

5.2 The Western Schism(1378—1417)263

5.3 Religious Protest264

6．Conclusion267

Exercises268

Part Ⅲ Transition from Middle Ages to Early Modern EraChapter 8 Renaissance(1350—1600)1．Introduction275

2．The States of Northern Italy277

2.1 Milan277

2.2 Venice278

2.3 Florence279

3．Italian Renaissance Culture280

3.1 Italian Renaissance:Humanism at a Glance281

3.2 Italian Intellectual Renaissance:Literature and Thought282

3.3 Italian Renaissance Art285

4．Northern Renaissance293

4.1 Northern Christian Humanism293

4.2 Northern Renaissance Literature296

4.3 Northern Renaissance Art299

5．Scientific Accomplishments301

6．Conclusion303

Exercises305

Chapter 9 Reformation(1500—1600)309

1．Introduction309

2．Religious and Social Background of the Reformation310

2.1 The Church of Rome Around 1500310

2.2 Corruption and Malpractices within the Church312

3．Luther and the German Reformation315

3.1 Martin Luther(1483—1546)315

3.2 Luther's Teachings316

3.3 The Reformation in Germany319

4．The Spread of the Protestant Reformation323

4.1 The Reformation in Switzerland324

4.2 The Reformation in England328

5．The Catholic Counter-Reformation332

5.1 The Council of Trent333

5.2 New Religious Orders:The Jesuits334

6．General Effects of the Reformation336

7．Conclusion337

Exercises338

参考文献343

Keys to Exercises348