高分子物理导论 英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Chapter 1 STRUCTURE OF POLYMER CHAIN1

1.1 Introduction1

1.1.1 Introduction to Polymer Science1

1.1.2 From Small Molecules to Big Molecules2

1.1.3 Future Topics for Polymer Science5

1.1.4 Major Characteristics of Polymer Structure6

1.1.5 Contents of Polymer Structure6

1.2 Short-range Structure of Polymer Chain7

1.2.1 The Chemical Composition of Repeating Units7

1.2.2 Bonding Methods of Monomers9

1.2.3 Branch and Cross-liking of Polymer Chain11

1.2.4 Sequential Structure of Copolymer12

1.2.5 Configuration of Polymer Chain14

1.3 Long-range Structure of Polymer Chain17

1.3.1 Size and Shape of Polymer Chain17

1.3.2 Internal Rotation and Conformation of Polymer Chain18

1.3.3 Flexibility of Polymer Chain18

1.3.4 Factors of Influence on Polymer Chain Flexibility19

1.4 Conformation Statistics of Polymer Chain21

1.4.1 Geometry Calculation of Average Square End-to-end Distance23

1.4.2 Statistical Calculation of Average Square End-to-end Distance25

1.4.3 Characteristics of Polymer Chain Flexibility27

1.4.4 Radius of Gyration of Polymer Chain28

1.4.5 Wormlike Chain29

Chapter 2 CONDENSED STATE STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS32

2.1 Van Der Waals Force and Hydrogen Bonding32

2.1.1 Primary Bonds32

2.1.2 Seconary-bond Forces33

2.1.3 Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties34

2.2 Form and Structure of Crystalline Polymers36

2.2.1 Morphology of Crystalline Polymers36

2.2.2 Conformation and Unit Cell of Crystalline Polymers39

2.3 Structural Models of Polymers48

2.3.1 Structural Models of Crystalline Polymers48

2.3.2 Struetural Model of Amorphous Polymers52

2.4 Crystalline Processes of Crystalline Polymers56

2.4.1 Structure and Ability of Polymer56

2.4.2 Crystallization Process of Polymers57

2.4.3 The Rate of Crystallization and Its Measurement Methods57

2.4.4 The Avrami Equation60

2.4.5 The Degree of Crystallinity62

2.4.6 Experimental Determination of Crystallinity63

2.5 Crystallization Thermodynamics of Polymers64

2.5.1 Melting Phenomena and the Melting Temperature64

2.5.2 Theory of Melting Point Depression67

2.5.3 Example Calculation of Melting Point Depression68

2.5.4 Experimental Thermodynamic Parameters68

2.5.5 Entropy of Melting68

2.5.6 The Hoffnan-Weeks Equilibrium Melting Temperature70

2.5.7 Effect of Chemical Structure On the Melting Temperature70

2.6 Oriented Structure of Polymers72

2.6.1 The Production of Orientation in Synthetic Polymers73

2.6.2 Deliberate Orientation by Processing in the Solid State73

2.6.3 Deliberate Orientation by Processing in the Fluid State75

2.6.4 Cold Drawing and the Natural Draw Ratio77

2.6.5 Oriented Polymers-models and Properties77

2.6.6 Highly Oriented Polymers and Ultimate Moduli81

2.7 Liquid-crystal Polymers83

2.7.1 Introduction83

2.7.2 Types of Mesophases for Small Molecules83

2.7.3 Types of Liquid-crystal Polymers85

2.7.4 The Processing of Liquid-crystal Polymers86

2.7.5 The Properties and Applications of Liquid-crystal Polymers88

2.8 Structure and Properties of Blending Polymers91

2.8.1 Conditions for Polymer-polymer Miscibility91

2.8.2 Experimental Detection of Miscibility96

2.8.3 Compatibilisation and Examples of Polymer Blends98

2.8.4 Morphology100

2.8.5 Properties and Applications100

Chapter 3 PROPERTIES OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS104

3.1 Dissolution of Polymers104

3.1.1 Dissolution Process104

3.1.2 Cohesive Energy Density and Thermodynamics for Polymer Dissolution105

3.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions109

3.2.1 The Ideal Solution109

3.2.2 Statistical Thermodynamics of Mixing109

3.2.3 Dilute Solutions110

3.2.4 Values for the Flory-Huggins Parameterx1112

3.2.5 A Worked Example for the Free Energy of Mixing113

3.3 Semidilute Polymer Solutions114

3.3.1 The Dilute to Semidilute Transition114

3.3.2 Semidilute Regime Scaling Laws115

3.3.3 The Correlation Length，ξ，in the Semidilute Solution115

3.4 Concentrated Polymer Solutions116

3.4.1 Plasticization of Polymers116

3.4.2 Spinning Solutions117

3.4.3 Gels118

3.5 Polyelectrolyte Solutions120

3.6 Miscibility of Polymer Blends121

3.6.1 Phase Diagrams123

3.6.2 Thermodynamics of Phase Separation124

3.6.3 An Example Calculation:Molecular Weight Miscibility Limit124

3.7 Hydrodynamics Properties of Polymer Solutions125

3.7.1 The Diffusion of Polymer in Solutions125

3.7.2 Viscose Flow of Polymer in Solutions126

Chapter 4 MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF POLYMERS132

4.1 Polymer Size and Shape132

4.2 Molecular Weight Averages132

4.3 Determination Methods of Molecular Weight133

4.3.1 End-group Analyses133

4.3.2 Osmotic Pressure134

4.3.3 Light Scattering137

4.3.4 Flight Time145

4.3.5 Viscometry150

4.4 Determination Methods of Molecular Weight Distribution154

4.4.1 Phase Separation and Fractionation154

4.4.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography154

Chapter 5 MOLECULAR CHAIN MOTION164

5.1 Introduction to Molecular Chain Motion164

5.1.1 Simple Mechanical Relationships and Their Concepts164

5.1.2 Polymer Relaxation and Transition167

5.1.3 Polymer Molecular Chain Relaxation and Transition170

5.2 The Glass Transition173

5.2.1 Introduction173

5.2.2 Methods of Measuring Transitions in Polymers174

5.2.3 Theories of the Glass Transition179

5.2.4 Factors of Influence on Glass Transition Temperature190

5.3 Viscosity Flow of Polymer206

5.3.1 Characteristics of Viscosity Flow206

5.3.2 Measure of Shear Viscosity212

5.3.3 Factors of Influence on Viscosity Flow Temperature217

Chapter 6 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF POLYMERS226

6.1 Mechanical Behaviour of Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers226

6.1.1 Basic Physical Quantities Describing Mechanical Behaviour226

6.1.2 Several Common Terms of Mechanical Properties229

6.1.3 Tensile Properties of Various Polymers234

6.1.4 Yield of Polymers237

6.1.5 Fracture and Theoretical Strength of Polymers240

6.1.6 Factors Affecting the Actual Strength of Polymers243

6.2 Mechanical Behaviour of Elastic Polymers250

6.2.1 Application Temperature Range of Rubbers250

6.2.2 Characteristics of Elasticity251

6.2.3 Phenomenological Descriptions of Rubber Elasticity255

6.2.4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Rubber Elasticity260

6.2.5 Statistical Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity263

6.2.6 Effects of the Structure of Cross-links and Networks on the Rubber Elasticity265

6.2.7 Internal Energy Effects on the Rubber Elasticity268

6.2.8 Ultimate Properties of Rubber270

6.3 Mechanical Relaxation of Polymers:Viscoelasticity270

6.3.1 Mechanical Relaxation Phenomenon of Polymers271

6.3.2 Mechanical Models for Viscoelasticity273

6.3.3 The Relationship between Viscoelasticity and Time and Temperature:Time-temperature Equivalence Principle275

6.3.4 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle(BSP)277

Chapter 7 ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS283

7.1 Electrical Polarization and Dielectric Constant of Polymers284

7.1.1 Polarization of Dielectric Media in Electric Field284

7.1.2 Interpreting Polarization Effect of Polymer from Molecular Level285

7.1.3 Relation between Dielectric Constant and Molecular Polarizability286

7.1.4 The Dielectric Constants of Polymers288

7.2 Dielectric Loss of Polymers291

7.2.1 Dielectric Relaxation and Dielectric Loss291

7.2.2 Characterization of Dielectric Loss291

7.2.3 Some Factors Effecting on Dielectric Relaxation and Dielectric Loss292

7.2.4 Spectra of Dielectric Relaxation in Solid Polymers295

7.3 Conduction in Polymers298

7.3.1 Characterization of Electric Conduction298

7.3.2 Conductive Characteristics of Polymers299

7.3.3 Volume Resistivity and Surface Resistivity299

7.3.4 Dependence Relation between Conduction and Structure in Solid Polymer300

7.3.5 Influence of Other Factors305

7.4 Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers306

7.4.1 Dielectric Breakdown and Dielectric Strength306

7.4.2 Dielectric Breakdown Mechanisms of Polymer307

7.5 Electrostatic Charge Phenomena on Polymer309

7.6 Optical Properties of Polymers310

7.6.1 Transparency and Colourlessness310

7.6.2 The Refractive Index311