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Introduction1

John Dryden：from the preface to his translation of Ovid's Epistles 12

Anne Dacier：from the introduction to her translation of the Iliad10

ContentsPreface11

Acknowledgments13

1 The role of ideology in the shaping of a translation14

Flaccus Quintus Horatius：from the“Letter to the Pisones，”also known as the Ars Poetica15

Aurelius Augustinus（Saint Augustine）：from“On the Christian Doctrine”；from the“Letter to Saint Jerome”15

Martin Luther：from the“Circular Letter on Translation”16

August Wilhelm Schlegel：from the“History of Romantic Literature”17

Anne Louise Germaine de Staёl：from the Writings17

Victor Hugo：from the preface to the New Shakespeare Translation18

2　The power of patronage19

John of Trevisa：from the“Dialogue between a Lord and a Clerk upon Translation，”printed as the preface to his translation of the Polychronicon20

Jean de Brèche，called de Tours：from the preface to his translation of Hippocrates21

Joachim Du Bellay：from the Défense et illustration de la langue fran？aise22

Philemon Holland：from the preface to his translation of Pliny's The Historie of the World22

Johann Wolfgang yon Goethe：from the“Writings on Literature”24

John Dryden：from the“Dedication”to his translation of the Aeneid24

3 Poetics26

Etienne Dolet：from“On the Way of Translating Well from One Language into Another”27

Antoine Houdar de la Motte：from the preface to his translation of the Iliad28

Voltaire（Fran？ois-Marie Arouet）：from a letter to Anne Dacier30

August Wilhelm Schlegel：from“Something About William Shakespeare on the Occasion of Wilhelm Meister”30

Edward Fitzgerald：from the preface to the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam32

Ulrich von Willamowitz-Moellendorff：from“The Art of Translation”33

4 Universe of Discourse35

Nicolas Perrot d'Ablancourt：from the preface to his translation of Lucian35

Jacques Delille：from the preface to his translation of Virgil's Georgics37

Pierre le Tourneur：from the preface to his translation of Young's Night Thoughts39

Antoine Prévost，better known as Abbé Prévost：from the preface to his translation of Richardson's Pamela39

Voltaire（Fran？ois-Marie Arouet）：from the preface to his translation of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar40

John Hookham Frere：from the preface to his translation of Aristophanes40

Dillon Wentworth，Earl of Roscommon：from the Essay on Translated Verse43

5 Translation，the development of language，and education46

Marcus Tullius Cicero：from“On the Orator”；from“On the Limits of Good and Evil”46

Hieronymus（Saint Jerome）：from the“Letter to Pammachius”47

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus：from the“Guide to Rhetoric”47

Roger Bacon：from“On the Knowledge of Languages”49

Juan Luis Vives：from“Versions or Translations”50

Jacques Pelletier du Mans：from his“Poetics”52

August Wilhelm Schlegel：from“The Works of Homer by Johann Heinrich Voss”54

Percy Bysshe Shelley：from“A Defence of Poetry”56

Gaius Caecilius Plinius Secundus：from the “Letters”56

Johann Christoph Gottsched：from the“Critical Poetics”57

Thomas Carlyle：from“The State of German Literature”57

6 The technique of translating59

Desiderius Erasmus：from the“Letter to William Warham”60

Antoine Lemaistre：from the“Rules of French Translation”60

George Chapman：from the prefatory texts to his translation of the Iliad62

Alexander Pope：from the preface to his translation of the Iliad64

August Wilhelm Schlegel：from the“Letter to Herrn Reimer”66

Dante Gabriel Rossetti：from Dante and His Circle67

Matthew Arnold：from“On Translating Homer”68

7 Central texts and central cultures70

Sir Thomas More：from the Confutation of Tyndale's Answer71

Anonymous：from“The Translators to the Reader，”the preface to the Authorized Version72

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe：from“Poetry and Truth”；from the“Book of West and East”；from the“Writings on Literature”74

Johann Gottfried Herder：from the“Fragments”74

August Wilhelm Schlegel：from the“Argument Between Languages”；from the“History of Classical Literature”78

Edward Fitzgerald：from a letter to E．B．Cowell80

8 Longer statements81

Leonardo Bruni，called Aretino：from“The Right Way to Translate”81

Petrus Danielus Huetius：from“Two Books on Translation”86

Jean le Rond d'Alembert：from“Remarks on the Art of Translating，”printed as the preface to his translation of Tacitus105

Charles Batteux：from“Principles of Literature”116

Gaspard de Tende，sieur de l'Estaing：from the“Rules of Translation”120

Johann Jakob Bodmer：from the“Ninety-Fourth Letter”in his“Painter of Morals”124

Alexander Fraser Tytler，Lord Woodhouselee：from the Essay on the Principles of Translation128

Wilhelm von Humboldt：from the preface to his translation of Aeschylus'Agamemnon135

Friedrich Schleiermacher：from“On the Different Methods of Translating”141

Ulrich von Willamowitz-Moellendorff：from “What is Translation？”，originally written as the preface to his translation of Euripides'Hippolytus166

Bibliographical references172

Index175