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1 Motivations1

1.1 What This Book is,and is Not,About1

1.2 Motivating Rhetorical Relations6

1.2.1 Temporal Structure6

1.2.2 Anaphora and VP Ellipsis8

1.2.3 Bridging18

1.2.4 Presuppositions23

1.2.5 Lexical Ambiguity26

1.2.6 Implicature in Dialogue28

1.3 Rhetorical Relations in Corpora32

1.4 Conclusions35

2 Semantic Models of Discourse Interpretation39

2.1 Introduction39

2.2 Dynamic Semantics39

2.3 DRSs:Syntax and Semantics45

2.3.1 A Basic Fragment46

2.3.2 The Semantics of DRSs47

2.3.3 Questions49

2.3.4 Requests51

2.4 Construction and Underspecification54

2.5 Why Dynamic Semantics is Not Enough60

2.5.1 Anaphora60

2.5.2 Temporal Anaphora62

2.5.3 Presuppositions63

2.6 Conclusion67

3 Pragmatic Models of Discourse Interpretation69

3.1 Introduction69

3.2 Traditional Theories of Pragmatics71

3.2.1 Relevance Theory75

3.2.2 Against The Belief Change Model of Discourse Content76

3.2.3 Two Logics:The Logic of Information Content and the Logic of Information Packaging78

3.3 Cognitive Approaches to Discourse Interpretation81

3.3.1 Plan Recognition and Discourse Structure82

3.3.2 Interpretation as Abduction90

3.4 Other Theories that Use Rhetorical Relations102

3.5 Empirical Approaches to Discourse Interpretation105

3.6 Some Concluding Remarks108

4 The Logical Form of Discourse111

4.1 Introduction111

4.2 Underspecification and Pragmatic Supplementation113

4.3 Underspecified Logical Forms for Clauses116

4.3.1 Other Sources of Underspecification123

4.3.2 The Syntax of ULFs125

4.3.3 The Interpretation of ULFs129

4.4 The Syntax of the Discourse Language135

4.4.1 A General Approach to Syntax137

4.5 A Language for Describing Logical Forms141

4.6 The VocabuIary of Discourse Relations145

4.7 Hierarchical Structure and Availability146

4.8 The Logic of Information Content155

4.8.1 Elaboration and Explanation159

4.8.2 Narration:A Case for Scalar Coherence162

4.8.3 Background165

4.8.4 Parallel and Contrast168

4.8.5 Macrostructure Meets Microstructure169

4.9 Unpacking the Truth Conditions:An Example171

4.10 Introducing Holes into Discourse Structures173

4.11 Conclusion177

5 Building Logical Forms for Discourse179

5.1 Introduction179

5.2 Filling in Holes180

5.2.1 The Need for Nonmonotonic Inference181

5.2.2 The Logic:Some Preliminary Remarks183

5.3 The Glue Language184

5.4 Some Formal Details186

5.4.1 Syntax186

5.4.2 Semantics188

5.4.3 The Logic:Brief Overview189

5.4.4 The Logic:Some Formal Details192

5.5 Transferring Information into the Glue Language194

5.6 Some Default Rules for Inferring Discourse Relations199

5.6.1 Narration199

5.6.2 Explanation,Elaboration and Result204

5.6.3 Background207

5.6.4 Parallel and Contrast208

5.7 Inferring Discourse Relations:Some Examples209

5.8 Putting the Pieces together:SDRS Update212

5.9 Working Through a Bigger Example223

5.10 Formulating Maximal Discourse Coherence230

5.10.1 Some Applications of MDC235

5.11 Interpreting Presuppositions238

5.12 Conclusions246

6 The Lexicon and Discourse Structure249

6.1 Introduction249

6.2 What is in the Lexicon?250

6.3 Lexical Semantics in Review253

6.3.1 Inheritance Structure254

6.3.2 Argument and Event Structure264

6.4 Lexical Information to Discourse Structure273

6.4.1 Cases where Rhetorical Connections are Lexically Specified273

6.4.2 Defeasible Inferences from Lexical Information279

6.4.3 Exploiting Information about Subtypes in the Lexicon282

6.4.4 Subcategorisation Frames and Discourse Structure283

6.5 From Discourse Structure to Lexical Interpretation288

6.6 Conclusion291

7 Discourse Relations for Dialogue293

7.1 Introduction293

7.2 Why Dialogue and Monologue are Similar293

7.2.1 Availability in Dialogue293

7.2.2 Rhetorical Relations in Monologue and Dialogue296

7.3 Some Differences Between Monologue and Dialogue298

7.3.1 An SDRS for Each Agent?298

7.3.2 Cognitive Constraints on Anaphora301

7.4 SDRT and Speech Acts304

7.4.1 Indirect Speech Acts307

7.5 Technical Details of SDRT for Dialogue311

7.6 Simple Relations for Dialogue313

7.6.1 Indirect Question Answer Pairs313

7.6.2 Question Elaboration and Other Relations Involving Plans320

7.6.3 Question Coordination329

7.6.4 Other Relations Involving Questions331

7.6.5 Metatalk Relations333

7.6.6 Other Relations Involving Requests336

7.7 Conclusions341

8 Disputes in Dialogue343

8.1 Introduction343

8.2 Some Motivating Examples343

8.3 Correction:The Analysis of one Divergent Relation345

8.3.1 Some Formal Details350

8.4 Settledness361

8.5 An Analysis of an Extended Example368

8.6 Conclusion373

9 Cognitive Modelling375

9.1 Introduction375

9.2 Cognitive Modelling for Discourse Interpretation376

9.2.1 The Rich Logic of Attitudes378

9.2.2 The Shallow Language379

9.2.3 The Syntax and Semantics of the Language385

9.2.4 Axioms of Rationality and Cooperativity390

9.2.5 Deriving Cognitive Modelling Axioms401

9.3 From Cognitive Models to Discourse Structure403

9.3.1 Responses to Questions403

9.3.2 Some Examples405

9.3.3 The Rhetorical Role of Questions406

9.3.4 Some More Examples409

9.3.5 Indicatives that Elaborate Plans410

9.3.6 Inferring the Unexpected412

9.3.7 Imperatives in Dialogue413

9.4 Axioms for Discourse Relations Based on Structure415

9.5 Applications416

9.5.1 Cognitive Coordination416

9.5.2 Calculating Implicatures418

9.6 More Implicatures:Turn taking427

9.7 Conclusions427

10 Some Concluding Remarks429

10.1 What We've Done429

10.2 The Dynamic Logic of Information Content432

10.3 Semantic Underspecification435

10.4 Discourse Update436

10.5 The Logic of the Lexicon438

10.6 The Logic of Cognitive Modelling440

10.7 Comparison with Other Theories441

10.8 Where We Go From Here442

A Objections and Replies445

A.1 Introduction445

A.2 Questions of Detail445

A.2.1 Is the Glue Logic too Complex?445

A.2.2 Representationalism446

A.2.3 Empirical Difficulties:Generalisability and Falsifiability447

A.3 Questions of Principle447

A.3.1 Can Discourse Structure be Eliminated?448

A.3.2 Cognitive Foundations of Rhetorical relations450

B Notation Index453

B.1 Information Content:Object Language453

B.2 Information Content:Metalanguage454

B.3 Underspecified Information Content:The Language Lulf454

B.4 Underspecified Information Content:Metalanguage454

B.5 Glue Logic:Object Language455

B.6 Glue Logic:Metalanguage455

B.7 Discourse Update456

B.8 Cognitive Modelling Language456

C The Semantics of DRT457

D Glossary of Discourse Relations459

D.1 Introduction459

D.2 Content-Level Relations459

D.2.1 Content-Level Relations for Indicatives460

D.2.2 Content-Level Relations Involving Interrogatives463

D.2.3 Content-Level Relations Involving Imperatives464

D.3 Text Structuring Relations465

D.4 Cognitive-Level Discourse Relations466

D.5 Divergent Relations469

D.6 Metatalk Relations470

E Summary of Discourse Update473

E.1 Summary of the Glue Logic Axioms473

E.2 Discourse Update Definitions475

F Some Proofs in the Glue Logic479

F.1 The Specificity Principle479

F.2 An Example Involving Specificity479

References481

Index506

Citation Index521

1.1 A diagram representing the discourse structure of discourse(7)9

1.2 The discourse structure for After You.No,After You.Ouch,from The New York Times Week in Review Section,November 29th,198836

2.1 Kamp and Reyle's(1993)construction rule for translating pronouns to logical form55

3.1 Abduction and Deduction for Proving the Logical form of(20).The part that's assumed is shown in a box,and arrows indicate deduction from the premises that were known before the sentence was uttered94

4.1 The logical forms of(1)shown as trees117

4.2 A Graphical Representation of the ULF of(1)121

4.3 The SDRS(17)in DRT-style Notation140

4.4 The fully-specified description of the logical form(19π2)143

4.5 The SDRS(17),represented as a graph147

4.6 Semantic Representation of(25a)153

4.7 Semantic Representation of(25b)153

4.8 The Logical form of(28a)160

4.9 An example SDRS171

5.1 A Graphical Representation of(8b)194

5.2 An SDRS showing the topic structure for Narration227

5.3 A Graphical Representation of the SDRS for(25)230

5.4 The compositional semantics of the clauses in(41a)and(41b)240

5.5 The Logical Form of(41a)242

5.6 The Logical form of(41b)243

6.1 The Lexical Entry for the Transitive Verb bake257

6.2 A Simple Example of Inheritance258

8.1 A dialogue from the Toulouse-Stuttgart Procope Corpus369

10.1 The logics that contribute to discourse interpretation431