语言学课题 语言研究实用指南 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

语言学课题 语言研究实用指南 英文版PDF格式电子书版下载

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1 Introduction：starting on the right foot1

Choosing an area1

Getting organized3

Using resources5

Being a researcher7

Setting up data-based research9

Preface by Halliday14

Being streetwise：keeping on the right side of your assessor14

王宗炎序15

Preface by Chomsky18

2 Psycholinguistics19

PART I AREAS OF STUDY AND PROJECT IDEAS19

Textbooks and major journals20

Central themes and project ideas21

Modularity22

Themes in comprehension24

沈家煊序25

导读28

Themes in production30

Preface36

The units of normal processing36

Language and thought36

Approaches to research39

International Phonetic Alphabet39

3 First-language acquisition and development39

Terminology40

Textbooks and major journals40

The CHILDES database42

Things to think about42

Longitudinal case studies44

Central themes and project ideas44

Pre-linguistic development45

Over-and under-extension：lexical and semantic development46

Children s morphology47

Development of phonology and intonation47

Comprehension of complex grammatical structures48

Children s metalinguistic awareness48

Colour terms49

Carer language（or’child-directed speech ）50

Conversational development51

Sources of variation in child language52

Literacy development52

4 Conversation analysis54

Textbooks55

Central themes and project ideas57

Major journals57

Scripted versus non-scripted conversation58

Radio and TV interviews59

The development of children s conversational skills59

Conversation and gender60

Language，power and hierarchy61

5 Second-language acquisition63

Terminology63

Textbooks and major journals65

Things to think about66

Central themes and project ideas66

Developmental sequences and the process of acquisition66

Comparison of L1 and L2 acquisition67

Language-learning targets67

Grammar-based and communication-based teaching68

Different concepts expressed in different languages70

Vocabulary acquisition70

The learner s approach and experience71

Interlanguage，error analysis and contrastive analysis71

Language assessment and testing72

Bilinguals，multilinguals and polyglots73

Foreign language teaching policy74

Effect of the year abroad76

Role of the social and political status of English as L276

6 Style in texts78

Textbooks and major journals79

Finding and approaching a text80

Central themes and project ideas80

Interpersonal function80

Sound patterns82

Lexical choice83

Grammatical structure85

Authorship86

Ideology and power86

7 Sociolinguistics88

Terminology and central concepts89

Textbooks and major journals90

Central themes and project ideas91

Types and causes of variation92

Quantitative approaches93

Social networks94

Qualitative approaches95

8 Accents and dialects of English99

Terminology100

Textbooks100

Other resources101

Which accent/dialect to choose102

Major journals102

What to look for in an accent103

What to look for in a dialect103

Possible angles and project ideas106

Comparing the speech of three generations106

Explaining why a variety has come about107

The political dimension of a variety108

Accent and dialect in literature109

Update study109

Comparison of two varieties110

Things to think about111

9 Structure and meaning112

Textbooks and major journals113

Central themes and project ideas115

Pragmatics115

Metaphor117

Sentence structure118

Lexicon and collocation119

Morphology and etymology122

Punctuation124

‘Correct’grammar124

10 Historical linguistics127

Textbooks，reference sources and major journals128

Central themes and project ideas131

Researching words131

Pronunciation and spelling134

History of English dialects135

The profile of a feature of English across time135

Socio-political trends and influences on English136

English as a world language136

Things to think about137

The influence of literacy on language137

11 Language and gender139

Terminology140

Useful skills and knowledge140

Textbooks140

Major journals142

Central themes and project ideas142

The history and development of language and gender as a branch of linguistics143

Attitudes towards male and female language143

Male-female differences in accent and dialect144

Differences in conversation and style of language use145

Explanations of difference147

Language and sexism148

Gender-differentiated language in first-language acquisition149

Language，gender and education150

Places to get data153

PART II TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING DATA153

12 Tape-recording date153

Audio or video?154

Ethics and legality154

Quality154

Practicalities154

Things to think about155

How much data do you need?156

Eliciting data from informants157

13 Experiments158

What does experimentation involve?159

Advantages of experimental research160

Disadvantages of experimental research160

Designing an experiment161

Things to think about163

Practice and fatigue effects164

Order effects164

Floor and ceiling effects164

Emergencies165

14 Questionnaires167

What is a questionnaire?167

What research areas can a questionnaire be used for?167

Subjects168

Handling personal information169

Presenting a questionnaire169

Designing a questionnaire171

Types of data173

Specific techniques177

Things to think about178

Relating the questionnaire to the study179

Written questionnaires179

Spoken questionnaires180

15 Interviews182

General procedures182

Approaches to interviewing183

Data elicitation183

Asking for intuitions183

Gathering general data for later analysis185

16 Observation and case studies186

Observation studies186

Advantages187

Disadvantages187

Things to think about188

Case studies189

Advantages190

Disadvantages190

Dealing with the results191

How to set up a case study191

PART III TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND PROJECT WRITING195

17 Transcribing speech phonetically and phonemically195

The difference between phonetic and phonemic transcription195

A few notes on phonemes197

Hints on writing about pronunciation198

Checklist of phonemes199

18 Transcribing speech orthographically201

Basics201

Dealing with silence202

Dealing with complexity204

Dealing with obscurity and unusual pronunciations205

Use of conventional punctuation207

Dealing with pitch，emphasis，speed and volume208

Layout problems210

External events210

Other problems211

19 Using computers to study texts213

Corpora and other computer-readable textual materials213

Why you might want to study texts using a computer213

Compiling your own corpus：potential problems214

Corpora and other texts of English available for academic use214

How to get hold of a corpus216

Types of corpus annotation216

Linguistic analyses that can be done using computers and how to do them217

Programs that are available for text analysis220

Other applications of computers in relation to texts221

Textbooks222

20 The Data Protection Act224

What is the Data Protection Act?224

Registration226

Important note227

21 How to reference228

Basics228

The Harvard system232

The Humane system238

22 Plagiarism and how to avoid it241

What is plagiarism?241

How to avoid accidental plagiarism：some strategies242

An exercise in using published sources，creating a sophisticated account，and avoiding plagiarism242

23 Statistics255

Why use statistics?255

What can statistics do?256

Statistics and hypotheses258

Choosing statistical tests260

Textbooks262

Gaining confidence262

Key to the most common algebraic symbols used in basic statistics263

24 Using an abstracting journal265

What are abstracting journals?265

What abstracting journals are available?266

What to do266

25 Handy hints on writing good academic English268

Before you write268

As you are writing269

After you have written271

The uses of apostrophes271

Using punctuation272

Other common problems273

References274

Index293

文库索引304