THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING （EIGHTH EDITION）PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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PARTⅠSpeaking and Listening2

1.Speaking in Public2

The Power of Public Speaking4

The Tradition of Public Speaking6

Similarities Between Public Speakingand Conversation6

Differences Between Public Speakingand Conversation9

Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class9

Nervousness Is Normal10

Dealing with Nervousness11

Public Speaking and Critical Thinking16

The Speech Communication Process17

Speaker17

Message18

Channel18

Listener19

Feedback20

Interference20

Situation21

The Speech Communication Process:Example with Commentary22

Public Speaking in a Multicultural World22

Cultural Diversity in the Modern World22

Cultural Diversity and Public Speaking24

Avoiding Ethnocentrism25

2.Ethics and Public Speaking32

The Importance of Ethics34

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking36

Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound36

Be Fully Prepared for Each Speech37

Be Honest in What You Say38

Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms ofAbusive Language39

Put Ethical Principles into Practice40

Plagiarism42

Global Plagiarism43

Patchwork Plagiarism43

Incremental Plagiarism45

Plagiarism and the Internet46

Guidelines for Ethical Listening47

Be Courteous and Attentive47

Avoid Prejudging the Speaker48

Maintain the Free and Open Expressionof Ideas48

3.Listening54

Listening Is Important54

Listening and Critical Thinking57

Four Causes of Poor Listening58

Not Concentrating58

Listening Too Hard59

Jumping to Conclusions60

Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance61

How to Become a Better Listener62

Take Listening Seriously62

Bean Active Listener62

Resist Distractions64

Don't Be Diverted by Appearance or Delivery65

Suspend Judgment66

Focus Your Listening66

Develop Note-Taking Skills68

APPENDIX Giving Your First Speech73

Preparing Your Speech74

Developing the Speech74

Organizing the Speech75

Delivering Your Speech78

Speaking Extemporaneously78

Rehearsing the Speech79

Presenting the Speech80

Sample Speeches with Commentary81

PARTⅡSpeech Preparation:Getting Started84

4.Selecting a Topic and Purpose84

Choosing a Topic86

Topics You Know a Lot About87

Topics You Want to Know More About88

Brainstorming for Topics89

Determining the General Purpose93

Determining the Specific Purpose93

Tips for Formulating the SpecificPurpose Statement95

Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose98

Phrasing the Central Idea100

What Is the Central Idea?100

Guidelines for the Central Idea102

5.Analyzing the Audience108

Audience-Centeredness110

Your Classmates as an Audience112

The Psychology of Audiences113

Demographic Audience Analysis114

Age115

Gender116

Sexual Orientation117

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background118

Religion120

Group Membership121

Situational Audience Analysis121

Size122

Physical Setting122

Disposition Toward the Topic123

Disposition Toward the Speaker125

Disposition Toward the Occasion125

Getting Information About the Audience127

Interviewing127

Questionnaires127

Adapting to the Audience130

Audience Adaptation Before the Speech130

Audience Adaptation During the Speech131

6.Gathering Materials136

Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience138

Doing Library Research139

Librarians139

The Catalogue139

Periodical Databases140

Newspapers143

Reference Works144

Searching the Internet147

Search Aids147

Keyword Searches150

Subject Searches151

Bookmarks152

Specialized Research Resources152

Evaluating Internet Documents155

Citing Internet Sources157

Interviewing158

Before the Interview158

During the Interview160

After the Interview162

Tips for Doing Research163

Start Early163

Make a Preliminary Bibliography163

Take Notes Efficiently165

Think About Your Materials as You Research167

7.Supporting Your Ideas172

Supporting Materials and Critical Thinking175

Examples175

Brief Examples176

Extended Examples177

Hypothetical Examples177

Tips for Using Examples178

Statistics180

Understanding Statistics182

Tips for Using Statistics184

Where to Find Statistics188

Testimony189

Expert Testimony189

Peer Testimony190

Quoting Versus Paraphrasing191

Tips for Using Testimony191

Sample Speech with Commentary194

PARTⅢSpeech Preparation:Organizing and Outlining200

8.Organizing the Body of the Speech200

Organization Is Important202

Main Points203

Number of Main Points205

Strategic Order of Main Points206

Tips for Preparing Main Points211

Supporting Materials213

Connectives215

Transitions215

Internal Previews216

Internal Summaries216

Signposts217

9.Beginning and Ending the Speech222

The Introduction224

Get Attention and Interest224

Reveal the Topic232

Establish Credibility and Goodwill233

Preview the Body of the Speech234

Sample Introduction with Commentary236

Tips for Preparing the Introduction237

The Conclusion237

Signal the End of the Speech237

Reinforce the Central Idea239

Sample Conclusion with Commentary242

Tips for Preparing the Conclusion243

10.Outlining the Speech246

The Preparation Outline248

Guidelines for the Preparation Outline248

Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary253

The Speaking Outline256

Guidelines for the Speaking Outline256

Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary259

PsrtⅣPresenting the Speech264

11.Using Language264

Language Is Important266

Meanings of Words268

Using Language Accurately269

Using Language Clearly271

Use Familiar Words271

Choose Concrete Words273

Eliminate Clutter274

Using Language Vividly276

Imagery276

Rhythm279

Using Language Appropriately282

Appropriateness to the Occasion282

Appropriateness to the Audience282

Appropriateness to the Topic283

Appropriateness to the Speaker284

A Note on Inclusive Language284

12.Delivery292

What Is Good Delivery?294

Methods of Delivery295

Reading from a Manuscript295

Reciting from Memory296

Speaking Impromptu296

Speaking Extemporaneously298

The Speaker's Voice299

Volume299

Pitch300

Rate300

Pauses301

Vocal Variety302

Pronunciation303

Articulation304

Dialect305

The Speaker's Body306

Personal Appearance307

Movement308

Gestures308

Eye Contact309

Practicing Delivery310

Answering Audience Questions311

Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Session312

Managing the Question-and-Answer Session313

13.Using Visual Aids320

Advantages of Visual Aids322

Kinds of Visual Aids323

Objects323

Models324

Photographs325

Drawings325

Graphs327

Charts329

Video329

Transparencies330

Multimedia Presentations330

The Speaker332

Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids332

Prepare Visual Aids in Advance332

Keep Visual Aids Simple333

Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough333

Use Fonts That Are Easy to Read334

Use a Limited Number of Fonts335

Use Color Effectively336

Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids336

Avoid Using the Chalkboard for Visual Aids337

Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them337

Avoid Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience337

Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them338

Talk to Your Audience, Not to Your Visual Aid338

Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely338

Practice with Your Visual Aids339

APPENDIX Using PowerPoint343

Pluses and Minuses of PowerPoint344

Planning to Use PowerPoint344

Getting Started in PowerPoint345

Screen Elements345

Templates346

Slide Layouts347

Elements of PowerPoint Slides348

Text349

Photographs349

Clip Art350

Graphs350

Sounds350

Video351

Formatting Slides352

Color352

Fonts353

Space354

Animation355

Delivering Your Speech with PowerPoint355

Recheck Your Slides356

Know Slide Show Commands356

Practice Your Speech with PowerPoint357

Display Slides Only While Discussing Them358

Check the Room and Equipment358

Develop a Backup Plan359

Copyright © 2025  最新更新

Sample Speech with Commentory360

PARTⅤVarieties of Public Speaking364

14.Speaking to Inform364

pes of Informative Speeches: Analysis andOrganization367

Speeches About Objects367

Speeches About Processes369

Speeches About Events372

Speeches About Concepts374

Guidelines for Informative Speaking376

Don't Overestimate What the Audience Knows376

Relate the Subject Directly to the Audience378

Don't Be Too Technical380

Avoid Abstractions382

Personalize Your Ideas384

Sample Speech with Commentary385

15.Speaking to Persuade392

The Importance of Persuasion394

Ethics and Persuasion395

The Psychology of Persuasion396

The Challenge of Persuasive Speaking396

How Listeners Process Persuasive Messages397

The Target Audience399

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact400

What Are Questions of Fact?400

Analyzing Questions of Fact400

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Fact401

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value403

What Are Questions of Value?403

Analyzing Questions of Value403

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Value404

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy405

What Are Questions of Policy?405

Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy406

Analyzing Questions of Policy408

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy410

Sample Speech with Commentary417

16.Methods of Persuasion426

Building Credibility428

Factors of Credibility429

Types of Credibility430

Enhancing Your Credibility431

Using Evidence433

How Evidence Works: A Case Study434

Tips for Using Evidence435

Reasoning437

Reasoning from Specific Instances438

Reasoning from Principle440

Causal Reasoning443

Analogical Reasoning444

Fallacies445

Appealing to Emotions448

What Are Emotional Appeals?449

Generating Emotional Appeal450

Ethics and Emotional Appeal452

Sample Speech with Commentary453

17.Speaking on Special Occasions462

Speeches of Introduction464

Speeches of Presentation467

Speeches of Acceptance468

Commemorative Speeches469

Aer-Dinner Speeches472

18.Speaking in Small Groups478

What Is a Small Group?480

Leadership in Small Groups481

Kinds of Leadership481

Functions of Leadership482

Responsibilities in a Small Group484

Commit Yourself to the Goals of Your Group484

Fulfill Individual Assignments485

Avoid Interpersonal Conflicts486

Encourage Full Participation488

Keep the Discussion on Track488

The Reflective-Thinking Method490

Define the Problem490

Analyze the Problem491

Establish Criteria for Solutions492

Generate Potential Solutions493

Select the Best Solution494