INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR HUMANKIND TOWARDS A NEW JUS GENTIUMPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR HUMANKIND TOWARDS A NEW JUS GENTIUMPDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

Introduction: Preliminary Considerations1

Part Ⅰ Prolegomena7

Chapter Ⅰ The Evolution towards a New Jus Gentium: The International Law for Humankind9

Ⅰ. The Historical Emergence of Jus Gentium9

Ⅱ. The Legacy of the Evolving Jus Gentium: Recta Ratio and the Pursuit of the Common Good11

Ⅲ. The Fragmentation of Jus Gentium into Jus inter Gentes14

Ⅳ. The Fallacy of Voluntarist Positivism16

Ⅴ. International Law-Making and the Reconstruction of Jus Gentium20

Ⅵ. International Law, Pluralism and Universalism22

Ⅶ. The Identification of the Basic Feature of the New Jus Gentium24

Ⅷ. The Universalist Conception of International Law27

Chapter Ⅱ Time and Law Revisited: International Law and the Temporal Dimension31

Ⅰ. Introduction31

Ⅱ. Time and Law: Some Precisions and Lessons31

Ⅲ. The Incidence of the Temporal Dimension in International Law34

Ⅳ. Time and International Law in Face of New Needs of Protection36

Ⅴ. The Presence of the Preventive Dimension in Domains of Protection39

Ⅵ. The Expansion of Provisional Measures of Protection41

Ⅶ. The Myopia of Political “Realism”47

Ⅷ. Concluding Observations50

Part Ⅱ Foundations of International Law53

Chapter Ⅲ Foundations of International Law: The Role and Importance of Its Basic Principles55

Ⅰ. Introduction55

Ⅱ. The Position and Role of the General Principles of Law56

Ⅲ. The Fundamental Principles as Substratum of the Legal Order Itself59

Ⅳ. The Acknowledgement of General Principles of Law by the Statute of the Hague Court （PCIJ and ICJ）62

1. General Principles of Law and the Quest for Justice62

2. Principles of International Law as Pillars of the International Legal System63

Ⅴ The 1970 U.N. Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States Revisited65

1. General Considerations in Historical Perspective65

2. The Formulation of the Principles of International Law68

3. The 1970 Declaration of Principles as a Contribution to the Identification of the Opinio Juris Communis74

Ⅵ. Concluding Observations77

1. The Sustained Validity of the Principles of International Law77

2. The Projection in Time of the Evolving Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples81

3. Principles of International Law, the Quest for Justice and the Universality of International Law84

Chapter Ⅳ The Primacy of International Law over Force87

Ⅰ. Introduction87

Ⅱ. The Crystallization and Continuing Validity of the Principle of Non-Use of Force87

Ⅲ. The Primacy of Law over Force as a Cornerstone of Contemporary International Law93

Ⅳ. The Emerging Right to Humanitarian Assistance97

Ⅴ. The Decivilizing Effects of Unwarranted Use of Force101

Ⅵ. Final Observations: The Primacy of Law over Force as an Imperative ofJus Cogens106

Part Ⅲ Formation of International Law111

Chapter Ⅴ Contemporary International Law-making: A Reassessment of theTheory of Formal “Sources” of International Law113

Ⅰ. Introduction113

Ⅱ. General Considerations on the Formal “Sources” of International Law114

Ⅲ. The Formal “Sources” Enumerated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute116

1. International Custom116

2. Treaties119

3. General Principles of Law121

4. Judicial and Arbitral Decisions123

5. Doctrine125

6. Equity127

Ⅳ The Formal “Sources” Not Enumerated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute128

1. Unilateral Juridical Acts of States128

2. Resolutions of International Organizations129

Ⅴ The Process of Formation of Contemporary International Law: From Consent to Consensus132

Ⅵ. Opinio Juris beyond Custom: Its Wide Scope and Role in the Formation of Contemporary International Law134

Chapter Ⅵ The Material Source of International Law:Manifestations of the Universal Juridical Conscience139

Ⅰ. Introduction: Insufficiencies of the Formal “Sources” and the Relevance of the Material “Source” of International Law139

Ⅱ. Human Conscience, Recta Ratio, and the Universality of International Law141

Ⅲ. The Material Source of International Law Beyond State Legal Positivism145

Ⅳ. Invocation and Assertion of Juridical Conscience in International Treaties147

Ⅴ. Universal Juridical Conscience: The Historical Significance of the Martens Clause150

Ⅵ. Invocation of Juridical Conscience in Judicial Proceedings and International Case-Law152

Ⅶ. Invocation and Assertion of Juridical Conscience in International Legal Doctrine153

Ⅷ. Final Observations: The Achievements of International Law and the Universal Juridical Conscience156

Part Ⅳ Subjects of International Law163

Chapter Ⅶ States as Subjects of International Law and the Expansion of International Legal Personality165

Ⅰ. Introduction: International Legal Personality Expanded165

Ⅱ. Statehood and Recognition165

Ⅲ. Rights and Duties of States167

Ⅳ.States and the Expansion of International Law170

Ⅴ.The Erosion of the Domestic Jurisdiction of States172

Ⅵ. Final Observations: States and the New Horizons of International Legal Personality177

Chapter Ⅷ International Organizations as Subjects of International Law181

Ⅰ. Introduction: International Organizations and the Modification of the Structure of the International Legal Order181

Ⅱ. International Organizations and the Ideal of the Realization of Justice182

Ⅲ. International Organizations and the Expansion of International Legal Personality and Responsibility185

Ⅳ The Expansion of International Law Itself by the Law of International Organizations190

1. International Organizations and the Ascertainment of Opinio Juris191

2. International Organizations and Treaty-Making Capacity193

3. Composition of International Organizations: Evolving Issues194

4. The Growth of Multilateralism and International Cooperation196

Ⅴ. The Projected Reforms of the International Organizations,Particularly of the United Nations200

Ⅵ. Concluding Observations: The Contribution of International Organizations to the Progressive Development of International Law206

1. International Organizations: Contents and Legal Effects of Resolutions206

2. Responses to New Needs and Aspirations of the International Community208

Chapter Ⅸ The Legal Personality of the Individual as Subject of International Law213

Ⅰ. Introduction213

Ⅱ. The Individual as Subject of the Emerging Law of Nations213

Ⅲ. The Attempted Exclusion of the Individual from the International Legal Order217

Ⅳ. The Individual's Presence and Participation in the International Legal Order220

Ⅴ. The Rescue of the Individual as Subject of International Law224

Ⅵ. The Legal Personality of the Individual as a Response to a Need of the International Community232

Ⅶ. The Attribution of Duties to the Individual Directly by International Law234

Ⅷ. Personality and Capacity: The Individual's Access to Justice at International Level236

Ⅸ. Final Observations: The Historical Significance of the InternationaltySubjectivi of the Individual239

Chapter Ⅹ The Legal Capacity of the Individual as Subject of International Law243

Ⅰ. Introduction243

Ⅱ. The nternational Legal Capacity of the Individual: Legal Foundations, Nature and Scope243

1. Legal Foundations of the Access of the Human Being to International Tribunals243

2. Juridical Nature and Scope of the Right of International Individual Petition247

Ⅲ. The Emancipation of the Individual from His Own State251

Ⅳ The Locus Standi of Individuals in the Procedures before International Human Rights Tribunals255

1. Developments in the European System of Protection256

2. Developments in the Inter-American System of Protection261

Ⅴ The Individual Right of Direct Access （Jus Standi） to International Human Rights Tribunals264

1. Antecedents of Domestic Law: The Subjective Right, and the Direct Access （Jus Standi） to National Tribunals266

2. Developments in International Law: The Direct Access （Jus Standi） to International Human Rights Tribunals267

Ⅵ. The Right of Access Lato Sensu of Individuals to International Justice268

Ⅶ. Concluding Observations271

Chapter Ⅺ Humankind as a Subject of International Law275

Ⅰ. The Perception and Awareness of Common and Superior Interests of Humankind as Such275

Ⅱ. The Fundamental Principle of Humanity276

Ⅲ. Humankind and Considerations of Humanity: A Conceptual Precision280

Ⅳ. The Emergence of Humankind as a Subject of International Law281

Ⅴ. Legal Consequences of the Acknowledgement of Humankind as Subject of International Law286

1. The Relevance of the Human Rights Framework286

2. The Question of the Capacity to Act and Legal Representation286

Part Ⅴ Construction of the International Law for Humankind289

Chapter Ⅻ Conceptual Constructions: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes291

Ⅰ. Introduction: Fundamental Values of the International Community291

Ⅱ. International Jus Cogens （Peremptory Norms of General International Law）292

1. Emergence and Content of Jus Cogens292

2. Evolving Scope of Jus Cogens295

3. The Gradual Expansion of the Material Content of Jus Cogens299

4. Jus Cogens as a Pillar of the New Jus Gentium, the International Law for Humankind310

Ⅲ. Obligations Erga Omnes of Protection312

1. Emergence and Scope of the Obligations312

2. Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of the Obligations317

Ⅳ Obligations Erga Omnes and the Emergence of Actio Popularis320

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations322

Chapter ⅩⅢ Conceptual Constructions: Common Heritage of Mankind and Common Concern of Mankind327

Ⅰ. Introduction327

Ⅱ. The Content and Significance of the Concept of Common Heritage of Mankind327

1. In the Domain of the International Law of Outer Space329

2. In the Domain of the Law of the Sea331

3. In the Domain of the International Law of Bioethics336

4. In the Domain of International Environmental Law339

Ⅲ. The Content and Significance of the Concept of Common Concern of Mankind344

1. The Emergence of the New Concept344

2. The Contribution of the New Concept346

3. The Co-existence between Common Heritage and Common Concern of Mankind, and Their Legacy to International Law348

Ⅳ. Concluding Observations350

Chapter ⅩⅣ Conceptual Constructions: The Right to Peace and the Right to Development353

Ⅰ. The Formulation of the Right to Peace in International Law353

1. Elements of the Right to Peace in International Law353

2. Recent Developments in the Formulation of the Right to Peace355

Ⅱ. The Formulation of the Right to Development in International Law357

1. Elements of the Right to Development in International Law357

2. Crystallization of the Right to Development as a Human Right360

3. The Conceptual Construction of Human Development361

4. Lessons from the Crystallization of the Right to Development364

Chapter ⅩⅤ Conceptual Constructions: Responsibility for International:Crimes and Universal Jurisdiction367

Ⅰ. Introduction367

Ⅱ. The International Responsibility of the State and of the Individual:Recent Developments367

Ⅲ. State Responsibility, the Criminalization of Grave Violations of Human Rights and the Realization of Justice369

Ⅳ Complementarity between the International Responsibility of Statesand the International Criminal Responsibility of Individuals372

Ⅴ Some Considerations on the Crime of State Revisited374

1. Configuration of the Crime of State374

2. The Crime of State in Relation to the Fundamental or Superior Interests of the International Community377

Ⅵ. Juridical Consequences of the Crime of State379

Ⅶ. The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction383

Ⅷ. Concluding Observations389

Part Ⅵ Humanization of International Law391

Chapter ⅩⅥ Basic Considerations of Humanity in the Corpus Juris of International Law393

Ⅰ. Introduction: The Relevance of Basic Considerations of Humanity393

Ⅱ. The Omnipresence of Basic Considerations of Humanity395

1. Illustrations of International Case-Law395

2. Illustrations of International Legal Doctrine398

Ⅲ. Concluding Observations399

Chapter ⅩⅦ Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to Disarmament401

Ⅰ. Introduction401

Ⅱ. The Search for Peace: The Creation of Zones of Peace401

1. The Attainment of Peace and Human Security:A Permanent Goal401

2. The Initiative of Zones of Peace404

Ⅲ. The Establishment of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones405

Ⅳ. The Endeavours towards General and Complete Disarmament410

Ⅴ. The Illegality of Nuclear Weapons413

Ⅵ. Final Observations423

Chapter ⅩⅧ Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to the Law of Treaties429

Ⅰ. Introduction429

Ⅱ. Considerations on the Interpretation of Treaties429

1. General Remarks429

2. Procedural Issues433

3. Substantive Law434

Ⅲ. Considerations on the Reservations to Treaties435

Ⅳ. Considerations on the Denunciation of Treaties445

Ⅴ. Considerations on the Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties448

Ⅵ. Concluding Observations449

Chapter ⅩⅨ Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to State Responsibility453

Ⅰ. State Responsibility and the General Interests of the International Community453

Ⅱ. The Birth of the International Responsibility of States456

Ⅲ. The Implementation of the International Responsibility of States462

Ⅳ. Serious Breaches of Obligations under Peremptory Norms of International Law464

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations467

Chapter ⅩⅩ Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to State Succession469

Ⅰ. Distinct Moments and Contexts of State Succession469

Ⅱ. State Succession and the General Interests of the International Community471

Ⅲ. State Succession and Continuity of Conventional Obligations Concerning Human Rights472

Ⅳ. Concluding Observations476

Chapter ⅩⅪ Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to Territory479

Ⅰ. Prerequisites of Statehood Revisited479

Ⅱ. Non-Self-Governing Territories482

Ⅲ. Non-Militarization and Peaceful Uses of Antarctica484

Ⅳ. Territory and Zonal Initiatives for Peace486

Ⅴ. Transitional Administration of Territory on Behalf of the International Community486

1. The Case of Kosovo487

2. The Case of East Timor489

3. The Centrality of Protection of the Populations490

Chapter ⅩⅫ Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to Diplomatic and Consular Law493

Ⅰ. Introduction: Diplomatic and Consular Law beyond the Inter-State Outlook493

Ⅱ. Diplomatic and Consular Law and Universal International Law495

Ⅲ. The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law497

Ⅳ.The Humanization of Consular Law in Contemporary International Practice501

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations507

Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to the Convergences of Regimes of Protection of the Human Person511

Ⅰ. The Consolidated Convergences between the Regimes of Protection of the Human Person511

Ⅱ. The Intensified Convergences between the Regimes of Protection of the Human Person514

Ⅲ. The Contemporary Phenomenon of Uprootedness as a Problem Pertaining to the Rights of the Human Person518

Ⅳ. The Character of Jus Cogens of the Principle of Non-Refoulement520

Ⅴ. Concluding Observations525

Part Ⅶ Settlement of Disputes529

Chapter ⅩⅩⅣ Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes: Current State and Perspectives531

Ⅰ. Introduction: The Basic Problem of Compulsory Jurisdiction531

Ⅱ. Interaction or Complementarity of Means of Peaceful Settlement533

Ⅲ. Settlement of Disputes in Multilateral Treaties541

Ⅳ.Current Developments: Fact-Finding and the Search for Justice and the Prevalence of the Rule of Law544

Ⅴ. The Search for ad hoc Solutions547

1. The Experience of Contadora549

2. The Experience of Guarantor States550

Ⅵ. Endeavours of Systematization552

Ⅶ. Peaceful Settlement and the Renunciation of the Use of Force in International Relations555

Ⅷ. Peaceful Settlement beyond State Voluntarism: Some New Trends556

Ⅸ. Peaceful Settlement and the General Interests of the International Community559

Ⅹ. Concluding Observations562

Chapter ⅩⅩⅤ International Rule of Law: The Need and Quest for International Compulsory Jurisdiction567

Ⅰ. International Rule of Law Beyond Peaceful Settlement of Disputes567

Ⅱ. International Rule of Law: The Saga of the Optional Clause of Compulsory Jurisdiction568

1. From the Professed Ideal to a Distorted Practice568

2. International Compulsory Jurisdiction: Reflections Lex Lata572

3. International Compulsory Jurisdiction: Reflections De Lege Ferenda579

Ⅲ. The Recurring Need and Quest for Compulsory Jurisdiction582

Ⅳ. International Rule of Law: The Growth of International Jurisdiction586

Part Ⅷ Perspectives593

Chapter ⅩⅩⅥ The Legacy of the Recent Cycle of World Conferences of the United Nations595

Ⅰ. Preliminary Observations: The International Legal Order in a World of Profound Contradictions595

1. A Transformation of Epoch596

2. The Spirit of Our Epoch597

3. Universalism and Cultural Diversity598

Ⅱ. The Legacy of the Cycle of U.N. World Conferences: Conditions of Life as a Matter of International Concern599

1. U.N. Conference on Environment and Development （Rio de Janeiro, 1992）600

2. Ⅱ World Conference on Human Rights （Vienna, 1993）601

3. International Conference on Population and Development（Cairo, 1994）602

4. World Summit for Social Development （Copenhagen, 1995）603

5. Ⅳ World Conference on Women （Beijing, 1995）605

6. U.N. Conference on Human Settlements （Habitat-Ⅱ, Istanbul,1996）606

7. U.N. Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court （Rome, 1998）607

8. World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination,Xenophobia and Related Intolerance （Durban, 2001）609

9. U.N. Millenium Summit （2ooo） and World Summit Outcome（2005）610

Ⅲ. The United Nations and the Rule of Law at National and International Levels614

Ⅳ Concluding Observations619

Chapter ⅩⅩⅦ Codification and Progressive Development of a Universal International Law623

Ⅰ. Introduction623

Ⅱ. Codification and Progressive Development in Historical Perspective623

Ⅲ. Codification and Progressive Development: Lessons and Projections626

Ⅳ Concluding Observations: Codification and Progressive Development Moved by the Universal Juridical Conscience628

Chapter ⅩⅩⅧ Conclusions: International Law for Humankind -Towards a New Jus Gentium635

Ⅰ. The Process of Gradual Humanization of Public International Law635

Ⅱ. The New Jus Gentium: International Law for Humankind637

1. Foundations637

2. Subjects639

3. Conceptual Constructions640

4. Basic Considerations of Humanity642

5. International Rule of Law644

Ⅲ. Epilogue: A Message of Confidence645

Select Bibliography647

Table of Cases693

Index707