伦理学：原理及当代论争 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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PART ONE ETHICAL THEORY1

1 Ethics and Ethical Reasoning2

Why Study Ethics?2

What Is Ethics?3

Ethics and Religion4

Ethical and Other Types of Evaluation5

Ethics and Reasons6

Ethical Reasoning and Arguments7

Ethical Theory9

Types of Ethical Theory10

Can Ethics Be Taught?11

READINGS12

Plato Euthyphro12

Plato Meno16

Review Exercises22

Selected Bibliography23

What Is Ethical Relativism?24

Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment24

2 Ethical Relativism24

Two Forms of Ethical Relativism25

Reasons Supporting Ethical Relativism25

Are These Reasons Convincing?26

Further Considerations28

Moral Realism29

Moral Pluralism29

READING31

Mary Midgley Trying Out One s New Sword31

Review Exercises34

Selected Bibliography35

3 Egoism35

Psychological Egoism36

Ethical Egoism37

The Moral Point of View39

Why Be Moral?40

Thomas Hobbes Self Love42

READING42

Review Exercises46

Selected Bibliography47

4 Utilitarianism48

Historical Background48

The Principle of Utility49

Quantity and Quality of Pleasure52

Evaluating Utilitarianism53

Act and Rule Utilitarianism54

Proof of the Theory55

Contemporary Versions56

READING59

John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism59

Review Exercises64

Selected Bibliography65

5 Kant s Moral Theory66

Historical Background: Immanuel Kant66

What Gives an Act Moral Worth?67

The Categorical Imperative69

Evaluating Kant s Moral Theory71

Perfect and Imperfect Duties73

Variations on Kantian Moral Theory74

READING76

Immanuel Kant Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals76

Review Exercises86

Selected Bibliography87

6 Naturalism and Virtue Ethics88

Virtue Ethics88

Natural Law Theory91

READINGS97

Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics97

John Locke Second Treatise of Civi Government104

Review Exercises106

Selected Bibliography107

7 Feminist Thought and the Ethics of Care109

An Ethics of Care109

Feminist Thought113

Evaluation of Feminist Thought and the Ethics of Care115

READINGS117

Nel Noddings Caring117

Annette Baier The Need for More than Justice120

Review Exercises127

Selected Bibliography127

PART TWO ETHICAL ISSUES129

8 Euthanasia130

Brain Death130

Meaning and Types of Euthanasia131

Making Moral Judgments About Euthanasia137

Morality and the Law137

Infant Euthanasia141

READINGS144

J. Gay-Williams The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia144

James Rachels Active and Passive Euthanasia147

Carl B. Becker Buddhist Views of Suicide and Euthanasia151

Review Exercises160

Selected Bibliography162

9 Abortion163

Stages of Fetal Development164

Methods of Abortion164

Abortion and the Law165

Abortion: The Moral Question167

Arguments That Do Not Depend on the Fetal-Personhood Issue167

Arguments That Depend on the Fetal-Personhood Issue169

READINGS175

Judith Jarvis Thomson A Defense of Abortion175

Sidney Callahan Abortion and the Sexual Agenda: A Case for Prolife Feminism186

Justices O Connor, Kennedy, and Souter Planned Parenthood v. Casey192

Review Exercises198

Selected Bibliography199

10 Sexual Morality and Pornography201

Conceptual Problems: What Is and Is Not Sexual202

Relevant Factual Matters203

Sexual Morality and Ethical Theories204

Pornography207

Liberty-Limiting Principles208

Feminism and Pornography213

READINGS215

Thomas Nagel Sexual Perversion215

Richard D. Mohr Prejudice and Homosexuality222

Catharine MacKinnon Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech228

Review Exercises233

Selected Bibliography235

11 Equality and Discrimination236

Civil Rights Laws: A Brief History239

Racism and Sexism240

The Principle of Equality241

READINGS251

Richard A. Wasserstrom On Racism and Sexism: Realities and Ideals251

Lisa Newton Reverse Discrimination as Unjustified258

Robert K. Fullinwider Affirmative Action and Fairness261

Review Exercises265

Selected Bibliography267

12 Economic Justice269

Process or End State Distributive Justice271

Equal Opportunity272

Four Political and Economic Theories273

John Rawls s Theory of Justice274

International Issues of Economic Justice278

READINGS284

John Rawls Justice as Fairness284

Robert Nozick Distributive Justice294

Peter Singer Famine, Affluence, and Morality Xiaorong Li Human Rights, Development, and Asian Values (omitted) Selected Bibliography312

13 Legal Punishment314

The Nature of Legal Punishment316

The Deterrence Argument316

Problematic Aspects317

The Retributivist Argument318

Problematic Aspects319

Punishment and Responsibility320

The Death Penalty321

READINGS325

Hugo Adam Bedau A World Without Punishment325

Ernest van den Haag The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense334

Robert Johnson This Man Has Expired:Witness to an Execution339

Review Exercises347

Selected Bibliography349

14 Environmental Ethics350

The Environment351

Value351

Anthropocentrism352

Ecocentrism355

Deep Ecology357

Ecofeminism358

Sustainable Development359

READINGS362

William F. Baxter People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution362

Holmes Rolston III Humans Valuing the Natural Environment366

Bill Devall and George Sessions Deep Ecology376

Review Exercises386

Selected Bibliography387

15 Animal Rights389

Sentience390

Animal Rights391

Animal Experimentation393

Endangered Species395

READINGS397

Peter SingerAll Animals Are Equal397

Bonnie SteinbockSpeciesism and the Idea of Equality405

Review Exercises412

Selected Bibliography413

16 Violence, Terrorism, and War414

Violence414

Terrorism415

Pacifism416

Just War Theory417

War Crimes and Universal Human Rights420

READINGS423

B. G. Frey and Christopher W.Morris Violence, Terrorism, and Justice423

Michael Walzer Nonviolence and the Theory of War428

Review Exercises432

Selected Bibliography433

17 Technology and the Professions435

Science435

Medicine437

Engineering440

Information Systems and Computer Ethics441

Business446

Susan WolfEthics, Legal Ethics, and the Ethics of Law449

READINGS449

American Nurses Association Code for Nurses456

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Code of Ethics for Engineers457

Review Exercises458

Selected Bibliography460

APPENDIX How to Write an Ethics Paper463

The Content of the Paper463

The Paper s Structure464

Types of Ethics Papers466

Is It an Ethics Paper?468

Structuring or Analyzing an Ethical Argument468

Sample Ethics Papers470

INDEX476