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1 Introduction1

1.1 Aerodynamics2

1.2 Properties of Air and Water7

1.3 Flow Similarity9

1.4 Incompressible Flow13

1.5 Time Dependence of the Solutions15

1.6 Aeroacoustics15

References and Notes17

2 Wind Tunnels19

2.1 Important Parameters for Similarity19

2.2 Research and Development Programs23

2.3 Types of Wind Tunnels25

2.4 Aeronautical Wind Tunnels29

2.5 Smoke Tunnels35

2.6 Automobile Wind Tunnels35

2.7 Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnels38

2.8 Water Tunnels40

2.9 General-Purpose Wind Tunnels41

2.10 Environmental Wind Tunnels48

References and Notes58

3 Wind Tunnel Design61

3.1 Overall Aerodynamic Objective62

3.2 Basic Decisions62

3.3 Power Considerations70

3.4 Section Loss Coefficients77

3.5 Energy Ratios of Some Typical Circuits99

3.6 Fan-Straightener Section102

3.7 Return （or Second） Diffuser120

3.8 Cooling121

3.9 Breather：Vibrations123

3.10 Test-Section Flow Quality123

3.11 Approach to Flow Improvement125

3.12 Drive System127

3.13 Wind Tunnel Construction128

3.14 Test-Section Inserts130

3.15 Safety131

References and Notes132

4 Pressure，Flow，and Shear Stress Measurements136

4.1 Pressure137

4.2 Temperature153

4.3 Flow Instrumentation154

4.4 Boundary Layers and Surface Shear Stress170

4.5 Flow Field and Surface Analyses176

References and Notes185

5 Flow Visualization188

5.1 Path-，Streak-，Stream-，and Timelines189

5.2 Direct Visualization191

5.3 Surface Flow Visualization192

5.4 Flow Field Visualization207

5.5 Data-Driven Visualization212

References and Notes216

6 Calibration of the Test Section218

6.1 Test-Section Flow Calibration218

6.2 Wind Tunnel Boundary Layers227

6.3 Acoustics229

6.4 Wind Tunnel Data Systems230

References and Notes232

7 Forces and Moments from Balance Measurements234

7.1 Forces，Moments，and Reference Frames234

7.2 Balances239

7.3 Balance Requirements and Specifications244

7.4 External Balances248

7.5 Fundamentals of Model Installations264

7.6 Internal Balances288

References and Notes299

8 Use of Wind Tunnel Data：Scale Effects301

8.1 Boundary Layer302

8.2 Trip Strip306

8.3 Drag313

8.4 Lift Curve317

8.5 Flap Characteristics320

8.6 Pitching Moment322

8.7 Longitudinal Stability and Control322

8.8 Directional Stability and Control323

8.9 Lateral Stability and Control323

8.10 Correlation of Wind Tunnel to Flight Data324

References and Notes325

9 Boundary Corrections Ⅰ：Basics and Two-Dimensional Cases328

9.1 Descriptions of Wind Tunnel Flow330

9.2 Mathematical Models335

9.3 Related Developments346

9.4 Bodies Spanning the Tunnel349

References and Notes364

10 Boundary CorrectionsⅡ：Three-Dimensional Flow367

10.1 Buoyancy367

10.2 Solid Blockage368

10.3 Wake Blockage370

10.4 Streamline Curvature376

10.5 General Downwash Corrections377

10.6 Lift Distribution Interference382

10.7 Downwash Corrections384

10.8 Flow behind the Wing399

10.9 Summary：Closed Test Section412

10.10 Summary：Open Jet425

References and Notes425

11 Boundary CorrectionsⅢ：Additional Applications428

11.1 Reflection Plane Models428

11.2 Swept Wings：Nonuniform Lift430

11.3 Control Surface Hinge Moments431

11.4 Ground Proximity Effects for Aircraft431

11.5 Downwash Corrections：Powered Models433

11.6 Boundary Correction：Propellers433

11.7 Boundary Effects：V/STOL Experiments435

References and Notes441

12 Additional Considerations for Aerodynamic Experiments444

12.1 Wind Tunnel Experiments444

12.2 Uncertainty of Measurements445

12.3 Aspects of Design of Experiments458

12.4 Model Design and Construction461

12.5 Planning the Experiment469

12.6 Arranging for Use of Facilities470

References and Notes471

13 Aircraft and Aircraft Components473

13.1 General Test Procedure473

13.2 Components477

13.3 Complete Configurations513

13.4 Power Effects of Propeller Aircraft532

13.5 Power Effects of Jet Aircraft544

13.6 V/STOL Vehicles550

13.7 Reentry Landing Craft560

References and Notes560

14 Ground Vehicles563

14.1 Production Automobiles566

14.2 Racing Vehicles571

14.3 Trucks，Motorcycles，and Other Vehicles575

14.4 Systems for Ground Vehicle Experiments579

References and Notes606

15 Marine Vehicles609

15.1 Surface Vessels：Above the Water609

15.2 Surface Vessels：Below the Water615

15.3 Underwater Vehicles627

15.4 Sailing Vessels630

References and Notes649

16 Wind Engineering652

16.1 Modeling the Atmospheric Surface Wind653

16.2 Local Pressures and Panel Loads659

16.3 Loads on Complete Structures660

16.4 Structures Exhibiting Elastic Motion661

References and Notes664

17 Small Wind Tunnels665

17.1 Tests Least Affected by Reynolds Number665

17.2 The Small Wind Tunnel for Instruction666

17.3 Low-Reynolds-Number Testing673

References and Notes679

18 Dynamic Tests680

18.1 Spin Characteristics and Spin Recovery680

18.2 Dynamic Aeroelastic Experiments683

18.3 Store Release or Jettison Experiments690

18.4 Parabrake Evaluations694

18.5 Cavity Resonance694

References and Notes695

Appendix 1 Subsonic Aerodynamic Testing Association （SATA）697

Appendix 2 Numerical Constants and Unit Conversions701

Index703