MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING:AN INTRODUCTION FIFTH EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1.Introduction1

Learning Objectives2

1.1 Historical Perspective2

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering2

1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering？4

1.4 Classification of Materials5

1.5 Advanced Materials6

1.6 Modern Materials’Needs6

References7

2.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding9

Learning Objectives10

2.1 Introduction10

ATOMIC STRUCTURE10

2.2 Fundamental Concepts10

2.3 Electrons in Atoms11

2.4 The Periodic Table17

ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS18

2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies18

2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds20

2.7 Secondary Bonding or Van der Waals Bonding24

2.8 Molecules26

Summary27

Important Terms and Concepts27

References28

Questions and Problems28

3.The Structure of Crystalline Solids30

Learning Objectives31

3.1 Introduction31

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES31

3.2 Fundamental Concepts31

3.3 Unit Cells32

3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures33

3.5 Density Computations37

3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy37

3.7 Crystal Systems38

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DIRECTIONS AND PLANES40

3.8 Crystallographic Directions40

3.9 Crystallographic Planes43

3.10 Linear and Planar Atomic Densities47

3.11 Close-Packed Crystal Structures49

CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS51

3.12 Single Crystals51

3.13 Polycrystalline Materials51

3.14 Anisotropy52

3.15 X-Ray Diffraction：Determination of Crystal Structures53

3.16 Noncrystalline Solids58

Summary59

Important Terms and Concepts59

References60

Questions and Problems60

4.Imperfections in Solids66

Learning Objectives67

4.1 Introduction67

POINT DEFECTS67

4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials67

4.3 Impurities in Solids69

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS74

4.4 Dislocations—Linear Defects74

4.5 Interfacial Defects78

4.6 Bulk or Volume Defects81

4.7 Atomic Vibrations 81MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION81

4.8 General81

4.9 Microscopy82

4.10 Grain Size Determination86

Summary87

Important Terms and Concepts88

References88

Questions and Problems88

5.Diffusion92

Learning Objectives93

5.1 Introduction93

5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms94

5.3 Steady-State Diffusion96

5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion98

5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion101

5.6 Other Diffusion Paths106

Summary107

Important Terms and Concepts107

References107

Questions and Problems107

6.Mechanical Properties of Metals112

Learning Objectives113

6.1 Introduction113

6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain114

ELASTIC DEFORMATION118

6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior118

6.4 Anelasticity121

6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials122

PLASTIC DEFORMATION124

6.6 Tensile Properties125

6.7 True Stress and Strain131

6.8 Elastic Recovery During Plastic Deformation134

6.9 Compressive，Shear，and Torsional Deformation134

6.10 Hardness134

6.11 Variability of Material Properties140

6.12 Design/Safety Factors142

Summary144

Important Terms and Concepts145

References145

Questions and Problems145

7.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms153

Learning Objectives154

7.1 Introduction154

DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION154

7.2 Basic Concepts154

7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations157

7.4 Slip Systems158

7.5 Slip in Single Crystals159

7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials163

7.7 Deformation by Twinning164

MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS166

7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction166

7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening168

7.10 Strain Hardening169

RECOVERY，RECRYSTALLIZATION，AND GRAIN GROWTH172

7.11 Recovery172

7.12 Recrystallization173

7.13 Grain Growth177

Summary179

Important Terms and Concepts179

References180

Questions and Problems180

8.Failure184

Learning Objectives185

8.1 Introduction185

FRACTURE185

8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture185

8.3 Ductile Fracture186

8.4 Brittle Fracture188

8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics191

8.6 Impact Fracture Testing204

FATIGUE209

8.7 Cyclic Stresses209

8.8 The S-N Curve211

8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagation213

8.10 Crack Propagation Rate216

8.11 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life222

8.12 Environmental Effects224

CREEP225

8.13 Generalized Creep Behavior225

8.14 Stress and Temperature Effects226

8.15 Data Extrapolation Methods228

8.16 Alloys for High-Temperature Use229

Summary230

Important Terms and Concepts232

References233

Questions and Problems233

9.Phase Diagrams241

Learning Objectives242

9.1 Introduction242

DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS242

9.2 Solubility Limit243

9.3 Phases243

9.4 Microstructure244

9.5 Phase Equilibria244

EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAMS245

9.6 Binary Isomorphous Systems246

9.7 Binary Eutectic Systems255

9.8 Equilibrium Diagrams Having267

Intermediate Phases or Compounds267

9.9 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions269

9.10 Congruent Phase Transformations270

9.11 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams271

9.12 The Gibbs Phase Rule272

THE IRON-CARBON SYSTEM274

9.13 The Iron-Iron Carbide（Fe-Fe3C）Phase Diagram274

9.14 Development of Microstructures in Iron-Carbon Alloys277

9.15 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements284

Summary285

Important Terms and Concepts286

References286

Questions and Problems287

10.Phase Transformations in Metals：Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties294

Learning Objectives295

10.1 Introduction295

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS295

10.2 Basic Concepts295

10.3 The Kinetics of Solid-State Reactions296

10.4 Multiphase Transformations297

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON-CARBON ALLOYS298

10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams298

10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams310

10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys314

10.8 Tempered Martensite318

10.9 Review of Phase Transformations for Iron-Carbon Alloys321

Summary321

Important Terms and Concepts322

References322

Questions and Problems323

11. Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys328

Learning Objectives329

11.1 Introduction329

ANNEALING PROCESSES329

11.2 Process Annealing329

11.3 Stress Relief330

11.4 Annealing of Ferrous Alloys330

HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL331

11.5 Hardenability332

11.6 Influence of Quenching Medium，Specimen Size，and Geometry337

PRECIPITATION HARDENING341

11.7 Heat Treatments342

11.8 Mechanism of Hardening344

11.9 Miscellaneous Considerations346

Summary347

Important Terms and Concepts347

References347

Questions and Problems348

12.Metal Alloys351

Learning Objectives352

12.1 Introduction352

FABRICATION OF METALS352

12.2 Forming Operations352

12.3 Casting354

12.4 Miscellaneous Techniques356

FERROUS ALLOYS357

12.5 Steels357

12.6 Cast Irons363

NONFERROUS ALLOYS369

12.7 Copper and Its Alloys369

12.8 Aluminum and Its Alloys371

12.9 Magnesium and Its Alloys373

12.10 Titanium and Its Alloys373

12.11 The Refractory Metals374

12.12 The Superalloys376

12.13 The Noble Metals376

12.14 Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys376

Summary377

Important Terms and Concepts378

References378

Questions and Problems378

13.Structures and Properties of Ceramics381

Learning Objectives382

13.1 Introduction382

CERAMIC STRUCTURES382

13.2 Crystal Structures382

13.3 Silicate Ceramics392

13.4 Carbon397

13.5 Imperfections in Ceramics400

13.6 Ceramic Phase Diagrams403

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES406

13.7 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics406

13.8 Stress-Strain Behavior408

13.9 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation411

13.10 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations412

Summary414

Important Terms and Concepts415

References415

Questions and Problems416

14.Applications and Processing of Ceramics421

Learning Objectives422

14.1 Introduction422

GLASSES423

14.2 Glass Properties424

14.3 Glass Forming425

14.4 Heat Treating Glasses427

14.5 Glass-Ceramics428

CLAY PRODUCTS428

14.6 The Characteristics of Clay429

14.7 Compositions of Clay Products429

14.8 Fabrication Techniques430

14.9 Drying and Firing431

REFRACTORIES433

14.10 Fireclay Refractories434

14.11 Silica Refractories434

14.12 Basic Refractories435

14.13 Special Refractories435

OTHER APPLICATIONS AND PROCESSING METHODS435

14.14 Abrasives435

14.15 Powder Pressing436

14.16 Tape Casting439

14.17 Cements439

14.18 Advanced Ceramics440

Summary442

Important Terms and Concepts443

References443

Questions and Problems443

15.Polymer Structures446

Learning Objectives447

15.1 Introduction447

15.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules447

15.3 Polymer Molecules450

15.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules450

15.5 Molecular Weight453

15.6 Molecular Shape456

15.7 Molecular Structure458

15.8 Molecular Configurations459

15.9 Copolymers462

15.10 Polymer Crystallinity463

15.11 Polymer Crystals466

Summary468

Important Terms and Concepts469

References469

Questions and Problems470

16.Characteristics，Applications，and Processing of Polymers473

Learning Objectives474

16.1 Introduction474

MECHANICAL AND THERMOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS474

16.2 Stress-Strain Behavior474

16.3 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers477

16.4 Factors that Influence the Mechanical480

Properties of Polymers480

16.5 Crystallization，Melting，and Glass Transition Phenomena482

16.6 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers487

16.7 Viscoelasticity487

16.8 Deformation of Elastomers491

16.9 Fracture of Polymers493

16.10 Miscellaneous Characteristics494

POLYMER APPLICATIONS AND PROCESSING496

16.11 Polymerization496

16.12 Polymer Additives498

16.13 Polymer Types499

16.14 Plastics499

16.15 Elastomers504

16.16 Fibers506

16.17 Miscellaneous Applications507

16.18 Advanced Polymeric Materials508

Summary512

Important Terms and Concepts514

References514

Questions and Problems515

17.Composites520

Learning Objectives521

17.1 Introduction521

PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES523

17.2 Large-Particle Composites523

17.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites527

FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES528

17.4 Influence of Fiber Length528

17.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration529

17.6 The Fiber Phase538

17.7 The Matrix Phase538

17.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites540

17.9 Metal-Matrix Composites543

17.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites544

17.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites546

17.12 Hybrid Composites547

17.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites547

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES553

17.14 Laminar Composites553

17.15 Sandwich Panels553

Summary554

Important Terms and Concepts556

References556

Questions and Problems557

18.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials562

Learning Objectives563

18.1 Introduction563

CORROSION OF METALS563

18.2 Electrochemical Considerations564

18.3 Corrosion Rates571

18.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates572

18.5 Passivity579

18.6 Environmental Effects580

18.7 Forms of Corrosion581

18.8 Corrosion Environments589

18.9 Corrosion Prevention590

18.10 Oxidation592

CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS595

DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS596

18.11 Swelling and Dissolution597

18.12 Bond Rupture598

18.13 Weathering599

Summary599

Important Terms and Concepts600

References601

Questions and Problems601

19.Electrical Properties605

Learning Objectives606

19.1 Introduction606

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION606

19.2 Ohm’s Law606

19.3 Electrical Conductivity607

19.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction608

19.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids608

19.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models611

19.7 Electron Mobility612

19.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals613

19.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys616

SEMICONDUCTIVITY616

19.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction617

19.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction619

19.12 The Temperature Variation of Conductivity and Carrier Concentration623

19.13 The Hall Effect628

19.14 Semiconductor Devices630

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERs637

19.15 Conduction in Ionic Materials637

19.16 Electrical Properties of Polymers638

DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR639

19.17 Capacitance639

19.18 Field Vectors and Polarization641

19.19 Types of Polarization644

19.20 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant646

19.21 Dielectric Strength647

19.22 Dielectric Materials647

OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS647

19.23 Ferroelectricity647

19.24 Piezoelectricity648

Summary649

Important Terms and Concepts650

References651

Questions and Problems651

20.Thermal Properties658

Learning Objectives659

20.1 Introduction659

20.2 Heat Capacity659

20.3 Thermal Expansion661

20.4 Thermal Conductivity664

20.5 Thermal Stresses667

Summary669

Important Terms and Concepts670

References670

Questions and Problems670

21.Magnetic Properties674

Learning Objectives675

21.1 Introduction675

21.2 Basic Concepts675

21.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism679

21.4 Ferromagnetism681

21.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism683

21.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior687

21.7 Domains and Hysteresis688

21.8 Soft Magnetic Materials691

21.9 Hard Magnetic Materials692

21.10 Magnetic Storage695

21.11 Superconductivity698

Summary701

Important Terms and Concepts703

References703

Questions and Problems703

22.Optical Properties707

Learning Objectives708

22.1 Introduction708

BASIC CONCEPTS708

22.2 Electromagnetic Radiation708

22.3 Light Interactions with Solids710

22.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions711

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS712

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS713

22.5 Refraction713

22.6 Reflection714

22.7 Absorption715

22.8 Transmission718

22.9 Color718

22.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators720

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA721

22.11 Luminescence721

22.12 Photoconductivity722

22.13 Lasers722

22.14 Optical Fibers in Communications726

Summary730

Important Terms and Concepts731

References731

Questions and Problems731

23.Materials Selection and Design Considerations734

Learning Objectives735

23.1 Introduction735

MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A TORSIONALLY STRESSED CYLINDRICAL SHAFT735

23.2 Strength736

23.3 Other Property Considerations and the Final Decision741

AUTOMOBILE VALVE SPRING742

23.4 Introduction742

23.5 Automobile Valve Spring743

ARTIFICIAL TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT749

23.6 Anatomy of the Hip Joint749

23.7 Material Requirements751

23.8 Materials Employed753

THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITEIR755

23.9 Introduction755

23.10 Thermal Protection System—Design Requirements755

23.11 Thermal Protection System—Components758

MATERIALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PACKAGES761

23.12 Introduction761

23.13 Leadframe Design and Materials763

23.14 Die Bonding764

23.15 Wire Bonding764

23.16 Package Encapsulation768

23.17 Tape Automated Bonding769

Summary771

References772

Questions and Problems773

24.Economic，Environmental，and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering778

Learning Objectives779

24.1 Introduction779

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS779

24.2 Component Design780

24.3 Materials780

24.4 Manufacturing Techniques780

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS781

24.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering783

Summary786

References786

Appendix A The International System of Units（SI）787

Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials789

B.1 Density789

B.2 Modulus of Elasticity792

B.3 Poisson’s Ratio796

B.4 Strength and Ductility797

B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness802

B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion803

B.7 Thermal Conductivity807

B.8 Specific Heat810

B.9 Electrical Resistivity812

B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions815

Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials817

Appendix D Mer Structures for Common Polymers823

Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials827

Glossary828

Answers to Selected Problems843

Index849